UC-NRLF 


17  asfi  Handbook 


OF 


British,  Continental  and  Canadian 
Universities 

WITH    SPECIAL    MENTION    OF    THE 

Courses  Open  to  Women 


THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 
66  FIFTH  AVENUE 

NEW   YORK 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA., 

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CLUB  OFS  BRYN   M:A^?vrR 


BY 

ISABEL   MADDISON,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  PH.D.  (BrynMawr). 
SECOND    EDITION 


NEW   YORK 
THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

1899 
All  rights  reserved. 


N* 


COPYRIGHT  1899 

BY 
THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 


THE  NEW  ERA  PRINT, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


PREFACE. 

THE  many  graduates  of  Bryn  Mawr  College  who  have 
continued  their  studies  abroad,  have  strongly  felt  the  need 
of  a  handbook  defining  the  position  of  the  different  foreign 
universities  in  regard  to  the  admission  of  women  to  their 
courses,  and  giving  particulars  of  the  lectures,  degrees, 
entrance  requirements,  etc.,  of  foreign  universities  and  col- 
leges. Accordingly,  in  1896,  the  Graduate  Club  of  Bryn 
Mawr  College  published  a  Handbook  of  Courses  Open  to 
Women  in  British,  Continental  and  Canadian  Universities 
containing  all  the  information  on  the  subject  which  it  was 
possible,  in  a  necessarily  limited  space  of  time,  to  collect. 
The  funds  necessary  for  the  purpose  were  secured  through 
the  interest  and  assistance  of  the  President  of  Bryn  Mawr 
College. 

In  1899  it  was  decided  to  publish  a  new  edition  of  the 
Handbook,  and  as  it  was  found  that  practically  all  European 
universities  and  colleges  were  open  to  women  and  that  the 
majority  of  the  facts  collected  were  as  valuable  to  men  stu- 
dents as  to  women  students,  the  title  was  slightly  modified. 
The  information  given  in  the  Handbook  has  been  obtained 
from  the  authorities  of  the  different  universities  and  collected 
from  the  calendars  and  other  official  publications.  The  facts 
gathered  from  these  different  sources  have  been  put  together 
in  a  condensed  form,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  alphabetical 
arrangement  adopted  will  be  found  convenient  for  reference. 

The  attention  of  women  students  is  called  to  the  work  of 
the  Council  to  Accredit  Women  for  Advanced  Work  in 
Foreign  Universities,  a  committee  of  the  Association  of  Col- 
legiate Alumnae. 


iv  PREFACE. 

The  Editor  wishes  to  express  her  gratitude  to  all  those 
whose  kindness  in  supplying  information  made  the  compila- 
tion of  the  book  possible,  and  to  acknowledge  her  indebted- 
ness to  the  "  Minerva  Jahrbuch  der  Gelehrten  Welt."*  It  is 
intended  to  issue  a  new  edition  of  the  Handbook  yearly,  and 
the  Editor  will  be  grateful  for  corrections  of  the  errors  almost 
unavoidable  in  a  book  of  this  kind  and  for  suggestions  which 
may  tend  to  make  the  next  issue  more  serviceable. 

The  Graduate  Club  of  Bryn  Mawr  College  is  glad  to 
allow  members  of  other  colleges  to  make  use  of  its  collection 
of  official  programs  and  calendars ;  particular  books  will  be 
lent  for  a  few  days  to  applicants  prepaying  postage. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  the  Handbook,  and  all 
requests  for  programs  and  calendars,  should  be  addressed  to 
Miss  ISABEL  MADDISON,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr, 
Pennsylvania. 

*  Published  by  Karl  J.  Trubner,  Strassburg. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

AUSTRIA. 

(See  also  Hungary.) 

The  universities  of  Austria,  like  those  of  Germany,  are 
state  institutions.  They  are  supported  by  the  Government 
and  are  directly  subject  to  the  Austrian  Minister  of  Education. 

With  the  exception  of  the  university  at  Czernowitz,  which 
has  no  Faculty  of  Medicine,  the  eight  universities  of  Austria 


ADDENDUM. 

Information  has  been  received  that  the  Universite  Nouvelle 
de  Bruxelles  has  been  closed  in  consequence  of  lack  of 
money. 


while  declaring  that  there  could  be  no  question  of  a  general 
admission  of  women  to  academic  courses,  he  yet  made  pro- 
vision for  particular  cases.  Certain  courses  might,  as  an  ex- 
ception and  with  the  express  sanction  of  the  Minister,  be 
given  especially  for  women,  and  advanced  women  students 
might  in  addition  be  allowed  to  attend  the  courses  held  for 
men,  provided  that  they  could  in  every  case  obtain  the  con- 
sent of  the  faculty  in  question,  in  conjunction  with  that  of 
the  academic  senate  and  the  individual  professors,  with  whom 
work  was  desired.  In  no  case  were  women  to  be  allowed  to 
register  as  students  in  the  universities,  but  were  to  be  consid- 
ered as  hearers. 


iv  PREFACE. 

The  Editor  wishes  to  express  her  gratitude  to  all  those 
whose  kindness  in  supplying  information  made  the  compila- 
tion of  the  book  possible,  and  to  acknowledge  her  indebted- 
ness to  the  "  Minerva  Jahrbuch  der  Gelehrten  Welt."*  It  is 
intended  to  issue  a  new  edition  of  the  Handbook  yearly,  and 
the  Editor  will  be  grateful  for  corrections  of  the  errors  almost 
unavoidable  in  a  book  of  this  kind  and  for  suggestions  which 
may  tend  to  make  the  next  issue  more  serviceable. 

The  Graduate  Club  of  Bryn  Mawr  College  is  glad  to 
allow  members  of  other  colleges  to  make  use  of  its  collection 
of  official  programs  and  calendars ;  particular  books  will  be 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

AUSTRIA. 

(See  also  Hungary.) 

The  universities  of  Austria,  like  those  of  Germany,  are 
state  institutions.  They  are  supported  by  the  Government 
and  are  directly  subject  to  the  Austrian  Minister  of  Education. 

With  the  exception  of  the  university  at  Czernowitz,  which 
has  no  Faculty  of  Medicine,  the  eight  universities  of  Austria 
comprise  the  Faculties  of  Philosophy  (Arts  and  Science), 
Law,  Medicine  and  Theology.  Courses  of  lectures,  seminary 
and  laboratory  work  in  different  subjects  are  provided  by  the 
several  faculties,  and  the  degree  of  Doctor  is  given  to  matricu- 
lated students  who  have  fulfilled  certain  stated  requirements. 

The  entrance  requirements  for  men  are  similar  to  those  of 
German  universities ;  the  candidate  for  admission  must  hold 
the  Maturitatszeugniss  of  a  gymnasium  or  a  certificate  that 
he  has  already  attended  a  university. 

In  1878  the  admission  of  women  to  the  Austrian  univer- 
sities was  regulated  by  a  decree  of  the  Minister  of  Education  ; 
while  declaring  that  there  could  be  no  question  of  a  general 
admission  of  women  to  academic  courses,  he  yet  made  pro- 
vision for  particular  cases.  Certain  courses  might,  as  an  ex- 
ception and  with  the  express  sanction  of  the  Minister,  be 
given  especially  for  women,  and  advanced  women  students 
might  in  addition  be  allowed  to  attend  the  courses  held  for 
men,  provided  that  they  could  in  every  case  obtain  the  con- 
sent of  the  faculty  in  question,  in  conjunction  with  that  of 
the  academic  senate  and  the  individual  professors,  with  whom 
work  was  desired.  In  no  case  were  women  to  be  allowed  to 
register  as  students  in  the  universities,  but  were  to  be  consid- 
ered as  hearers. 


2  AUSTRIA. 

In  March,  1897,  these  regulations  were  revised,  and  the 
following  new  regulations  are  now  in  force  :  any  woman 
who  is  a  native  of  Austria  and  over  eighteen  years  of  age  is 
admitted  as  a  regular  hearer  to  the  philosophical  faculty  of 
an  Austrian  university,  provided  she  has  passed  the  Reife- 
•priifung  of  an  Austrian  State  gymnasium  or  of  a  foreign 
gymnasium  considered  equivalent  to  this  by  the  Minister  of 
Education.  The  Dean  of  the  Philosophical  Faculty  decides 
on  the  admission  of  candidates,  but  in  case  of  refusal  further 
application  may  be  made  to  the  Minister. 

Women  hearers  are  under  the  same  regulations  as  men  in 
regard  to  registration,  matriculation,  payment  of  fees,  dis- 
cipline, attendance  at  lectures,  the  Abgangszeugnis  and 
admittance  to  the  philosophical  Rigorosen  (examinations). 

Women  who  have  attended  certain  schools  other  than  those 
mentioned  above,  approved  by  the  Minister  of  Education,  are 
admitted  as  ausserordentliche  Horerinnen  to  the  philosophical 
faculties  but  must,  except  in  special  cases,  register  for  more 
than  ten  hours  of  lectures  weekly.  Permission  to  attend  sepa- 
rate lectures  is  given  to  women  in  exceptional  cases  only, 
under  the  regulation  of  1878. 

A  noteworthy  decree  putting  Austrian  women  who  have 
studied  medicine  at  any  foreign  university  on  the  same  foot- 
ing as  men  in  regard  to  obtaining  Austrian  degrees  in  medi- 
cine was  published  on  May  ipth,  1896.  Women  who  have 
passed  the  Reifeprufung  of  an  Austrian  gymnasium,  are 
over  24  years  of  age  and  have  studied  for  at  least  ten 
semesters  at  a  foreign  university  considered  suitable  by 
the  Minister  of  Education,  may  proceed  to  take  all  the  final 
examinations  in  medicine,  omitting  those  in  Natural  Science, 
and  to  obtain  diplomas  on  exactly  the  same  conditions  as 
men. 

The  university  libraries  are  open  to  women. 


AUSTRIA.  3 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  two  semesters,  the  first, 
or  winter  semester,  which  begins  on  October  ist,  and  ends 
on  the  Thursday  before  Palm  Sunday,  and  the  second,  or 
summer  semester,  which  begins  on  the  first  Thursday  after 
Easter  and  ends  about  July  3Oth. 

The  system  of  university  fees  is  in  general  the  same  in 
Austria  as  in  Germany.  (See  under  Germany.) 

CRACOW,    Galicia,  Austria. 

JAGELLONISCHE  UNIVERSITAT. 

UNIWERSYTET  JAGIELLONSKI    W    KRAKOWIE. 

„    This  university,  founded  in  1364,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria ;   see  above.     In  the  winter  semes- 
ter of  1898-99,  107  women  were  attending  courses  in  the  university. 
Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  LEON  CYFROWICZ. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  SCfENCE. 

LANGUAGES.— INDO-IRANIAN:     Doccnts  MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :    Pro- 
v.  Mankowski,  Rozwadowski.  fessors  Kepinski,    Karlinski,    Rudzki, 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  Miodonski,  Mo-          Zorawski. 

rawski,  Sternbach.  PHYSICS  :  Professors  Natanson,  Witkow- 
ENGLISH  :  Reader  Dziewicki.  ski  ;  Docent  Birkenmajer. 

GERMANIC  (Polish,  Slavonic):  Profes-  CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Bandrowski, 
sors  Creizenach,  Malinowski,  Graf  Godlewski,  Olszewski,  Schramm  ;  Do- 
Tarnowski,  Tretiak ;  Docents  Stud-  <rm/Jentys. 

zinski,  Windakiewiez,  v.  Zdziechow-  MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Kreutz. 

ski.  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Szajnocha. 

ROMANCE:      Professor    Kawczynski ;  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Hoyer,  Wierzejski; 

Reader  Rongier.  Docent  Garbowski. 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor  de  BOTANY  :  Professors  Janczewski,  Rosta- 

Courtenay.  finski. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Pawlicki,  Stras-  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor    Szwarcenberg- 

zewski ;  Docent  Ziembicki.  Czerny. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Lewicki,  Graf  My-  AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  v.  Lubomeski ; 
cielski,  Smolka,   Zakrzewski ;   Docents          Docents  Ajdukiewicz,  Jentys,  Klecki. 

Czermak,  Krzyzanowski.  ENGINEERING  :  Docent  Ajdukiewicz. 
ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professors 

Bienkowski,       Sokolowski ;        Docent  LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Graf  Mycielski.  Professors  Brzezinski,  Cyfrowicz,  Czer- 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Straszewski ;  Do-  kawski,      Fierich,      Gorski,      Kasparek, 

cent  Kulczynski.  Kleczynski,  Krzymuski  v.  Radwan,  Leo, 


CZERNOWITZ,  GRATZ. 


Madeyski,  Milewski,  Piekosinski,  Rosen- 
blatt, Ulanowski,  Zoll ;  Docents  Es- 
treicher,  W.  L.  Jaworski,  Makarewicz, 
Rostworowski,  Wroblewski. 


MEDICINE. 


Professors  Browicz,  Bujwid,  Cybulski, 
Domanski,  Jakubowski,  W  Jaworski, 
Jordan,  Klecki,  Korczynski,  v.  Kocta- 
necki,  Lazarski,  Obalinski,  Parenski, 
Pieniazek,  Poniklo,  Reiss,  Stopczanski, 


Trzebicky,  Wachholz,  "Wicherkiewicz, 
Zarewicz ;  Docents  Baurowicz,  Bossow- 
ski,  Braun,  Leprowski,  Korczynski, 
Krynski,  Raczynski,  Rosner,  Sroczyn- 
ski,  Zulawski. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Chotkowski,  Gabryl,  Grom- 
nicki,  Knapinski,  Morawski,  Pelczar, 
Spis,  Trznadel,  Wadolny. 


CZERNOWITZ,  Buckowina,  Austria. 
K.  K.  FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university,  founded  in  1875,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;   see  pp.  1-3. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  DR.  ANTON  Nuss- 

BAUM. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Pribram. 


ARTS. 
LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors 

Hilberg,  Wrobel. 
ENGLISH  ;  Reader  Romanovsky. 
GERMANIC  (Slavonic,  etc.)  :  Professors 
Kaluzniacki,  Sbiera,  Smalstocki,  v. 
Summersberg ;  Docent  Wolkan. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Gartner. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Wahle. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Herzberg-Frankel, 
Zieglauer    v.      Blumenthal ;     Docents 
Kaindl,  Milkowicz 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Puchta. 
PHYSICS  :   Professors  Handl,  Tumlirz. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Scharizer. 
ZOOLOGY  :  Professor  Zelinka. 
BOTANY  :  Professor  Tangl. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Lowl. 

LAW  AND   POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Ehrlich,  v.  Halban,  Hauke, 
Hiller,  Kleinwachter,  v.  Hermann  zu 
Horbach,  Ritter  v.  Roschmann-Horburg, 
Skedl ;  Docents  Kryspin,  v.  Wolan. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  C.  Popowicz,  E.  Popowicz,. 
v.  Repta,  Tarnawski,  Wojucki ;  Docents 
Gaina,  Stefanelli. 


GRATZ,  Styria,  Austria. 
K.  K.  KARL-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university,  founded  in   1586,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;  see  pp.  1—3. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  JOSEF  HOTTER. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  : 
Kirste. 


CLASSICAL  :     Professors    Goldbacher, 
Professor  Ritter   v.    Karajan,   Meyer,   Picher,. 

Schenkl. 


AUSTRIA. 


ENGLISH  :     Professor  Luick. 

GERMANIC  :      Professors     Sch5nbach, 
Seuffert ;  Docent  Zwierzina. 

SLAVONIC  :     Professors  Krek,  Strekelj. 

ROMANCE:  Professors  Ive,  Schuchardt. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Meyer. 
PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Ritter  v.  Mein- 

ong,     Spitzer,    Strzygowski ;     Docent 

Martinak. 
HISTORY  :      Professors    Bauer,    Krones 

Ritter  v.  Marchland,  Loserth,  v.  Zwie- 

dineck-SUdenhorst ;    Do  cents     Mayer, 

Mell. 
ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :      Professors 

Cuntz,    Gurlitt,  v.    Meinong,    Pichler, 

Strzygowski. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :     Pro- 
fessors   Dantscher    Ritter    v.    Kolles- 

berg,    Frischauf,   v.   Hepperger ;    Do- 
cent Streissler. 
PHYSICS  :     Professors  Hann,    Pfaundler, 

Streintz,     Subic,    Wassmuth ;     Docent 

Henrich. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Schr5tter,Skraup. 
MINERALOGY  :     Professor  Doelter. 
GEOLOGY  :     Professors  Hilber,  Hoernes  ; 

Docent  Penecke. 
BIOLOGY  :       Professors       Bohmig,      v. 

Graff;  Docent  Ritter  v.  Heider. 


BOTANY:     Professor    Haberlandt;     Do- 
cent Palla. 
GEOGRAPHY  :     Professor  Richter. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Freiherr  v.  Anders,  Freiherr 
v.  Canstein,  Gumplowicz,  Hanausek, 
Hildebrand,  Lubec,  Luschin  Ritter  v. 
Ebengreuth,  Mischler,  Freiherr  v. 
Schwind,  Steinlechner,  Tewes,  Thaner, 
Vargha  ;  Docents  v.  Glanvell,  Sperl. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Anton,  Birnbacher,  Bleich- 
steiner,  Borner,  Borysiekiewicz,  Drasch, 
Ebner,  Eppinger,  Escherich,  Habermann, 
Hoffer  Edler  v.  Sulmthal,  Hofmann, 
Holl,  Jarisch,  Klemensiewicz,  Kratter, 
Kraus,  M  oiler,  Mtiller,  Nicoladoni,Praus- 
nitz,  Freiherr  v.  Rokitansky,  Rollett, 
v.  Rosthorn,  Schindler ;  Docents  Emele, 
Hammerl,  Kossler,  Laker,  Rossa,  Sachs- 
salber,  SteinbUchel  v.  Rheinwall,  Tobeitz, 
Zoth. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Gutjahr,  Klinger,  Michel- 
itsch,  Ritter  v.  Scherer,  Schlager,  Sta- 
nonik,  A.  Weiss,  J.  Weiss. 


Docent 


INNSBRUCK,  Tyrol,  Austria. 
K.  K.  LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university,  founded  in  1673-4,  is  under  the  same  regula- 
tions as  all  the  universities  of  Austria  ;   see  pp.  1-3. 

Enquiries    may    be    addressed    to    the    secretary,    WILLIBALD 

STRICKER. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ROMANCE:  Professor  Demattio  ;    Do- 
Professor  cents    Farinelli,    W.    v.    Zingerle  ; 

Reader  Genelin. 


LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  : 
Flunk. 


INDO-IRANIAN:  Professor  v.  Schroder;       COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor  F. 


Docent  Walde. 


Stolz. 


CLASSICAL:    Professors    Miiller,    Zin-       PHILOSOPHY:      Professors     Hillebrand, 


gerle ;  Docent  Radinger. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Fisher. 
GERMANIC  :      Professors      Seemuller, 

Wackernell ;  Docent  Schatz. 


Ueberhorst. 
HISTORY  :    Professors   Friedrich,    Him, 
Kaltenbrunner,  v.  Ottenthal,  Pastor,  v. 
Scala ;  Docent  Mayr. 


LEMBERG. 


ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professors 
Reisch,  Semper. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY;  Pro- 
fessors O.  Stolz,  Wirtinger;  Docent 
Schober. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Czermak,  Exner, 
Klemencic  ;  Docents  Hammerl,  Rada- 
kovic,  Tollinger. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Senhofer ;  Do- 
cent  Hopfgartner. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Cathrein. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Blaas. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Heider,  v.  Dalla- 
Torre-Thurnberg-  Sternhof . 

BOTANY  :  Professor  Heinricher. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Ritter  v.  Wieser. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Carnevale,  Dantscher  Ritter 
v.      Kollesberg,      Demelius,      Galante, 


Hruza,  John,  Lentner,  Myrbach  v.  Rhein- 
feld,  Pacchioni,  Puntschart,  Ritter  v. 
Sartori-Montecroce,  Schiffner,  Vinzenz, 
Wahrmund,  Waldner;  Docents  v.  Eccher, 
Payr,  Zanetti. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Dimmer,  Ehrendorfer, 
Hochstetter,  Ipsen,  Juffinger,  Kerschner, 
Klotz,  Lode,  Loebisch,  Loewit,  Loos, 
Lukasiewicz,  Mayer,  Nevinny,  Pommer, 
Rille,  Freiherr  v.  Rokitansky,  v.  Tschurt- 
schenthaler  Edler  v.  Helmheim,  Victor 
Ritter  v.  Hacker,  v.  Vintschgau,  Wild- 
ner;  Docents  Lantschner,  Malfatti,  Pos- 
selt. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Flunk,  Gatterer,  Hofmann, 
Hurter,  Michael,  Nisius,  Noldin,  Rinz, 
Straub  ;  Docents  Lercher,  Miiller. 


LEMBERG,  Galicia,  Austria. 

K.  K.  FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

C.  K.  UNIWERSYTET   IMIENIA   CESARZA  FRANCISZKA   I. 

This  university,  founded  in  1784,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;   see  pp.  1—3. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  MARCELI  CHLAM- 

TACZ. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:    Professor  Sar- 

nicki. 
CLASSICAL  :      Professors    Cwiklinski, 

Kruczkiewicz ;  Docent  Jezieniecki. 
ENGLISH  :  Instructor  Kropiwnicki. 
GERMANIC:    Professors  Colessa,    Ka- 

lina,  Pilat,  Werner. 
ROMANCE  :    Docent  Porebowicz  ;    In- 
structor Amborski. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Graf  Dziedus- 

zycki,  Raciborski,  Skorski. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Dembinski,  Finkel, 
Gruszewski,     Szaraniewicz,      Wojcie- 
chowski ;  Docent  Hirschberg. 
ART  and  ARCHEOLOGY:  Professor  Boloz- 

Antoniewicz. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Docent  Danysz. 


SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Laska,  Puzyna. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Fabian,  Zakrzewski. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Lachowicz,  Rad- 
ziszewski. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Dunikowski ; 
Docent  Niedzwiedzki. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Niedzwiedzki,  Sie- 
miradzki,  Zuber ;  Docent  Teisseyre. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professor  Dybowski ;  Docents 
Nussbaum,  Piotrowski,  Wielowiejski. 

BOTANY  :  Professor  Ciesielski  ;  Docents 
Szyszylowicz,  Zalewski. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Rehmann. 

HYGIENE  :  Docent  Szpilman. 

LAW  AND    POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Abraham,  Balasits,  Balzer, 


AUSTRIA. 


Bobrzynski,  Glabinski,  Gryziecki,  Jano- 
wicz,  v.  Ochenkov/ski,  Pietak,  T.  Pilat, 
Roszkowski,  Starzynski,  Stebelski, 
Szachowski,  Till  ;  Docents  Chlamtacz, 
Dobrzanski,  Dolinski,  L.  Pilat,  Winiarz. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors    Beck,    Gluziuski,    Kadyi, 
Lukasiewicz,  Niemilowicz,  Obrzut,  Prus, 


Rydygier,  v.  Sobieranski,  Szymonowicz  ; 
Docents  Baracz,  Gatryszewski,  Piotro- 
wski,  Schramm,  Wehr,  Widmann,  Ziem- 
bicki. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bartoszewski,  Bilczewski, 
Fijalek,  Filarski,  Jaszowski,  Kloss,  Ko- 
marnicki,  Sarnicki ;  Docent  Narajewski ; 
Instructor  Redkiewicz. 


PRAGUE,  Bohemia,  Austria. 

K.  K.  DEUTSCHE    KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
This  university,  founded  in  1348,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;   see  pp.  1-3. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed   to  the  rector,  DR.  ANTON  KURZ. 
Professors  and.  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Grii- 

nert. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Holzinger  Rit- 
ter  v.  Weidich,  Keller,  Rzach,  Schu- 
bert. 
ENGLISH  :       Professor      Pogatscher ; 

Reader  Just. 
GERMANIC:  Professors  Hauffen,  Kelle, 

Lambel,  Sauer. 
ROMANCE  :   Professors  Cornu,  Rolin  ; 

Reader  Vielmetti. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :.    Professor 

Ludwig. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Freiherr  v. 
Ehrenfels,  Marty,  Willmann ;  Docent 
Arleth. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Bachmann,  Four- 
nier,    Jung,    Swoboda,    Weber,    We- 
runsky. 
ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors 

Klein,  Neuwirth,  Schultz. 
PEDAGOGY:   Professor  Willmann;    Do- 
cent Toischer. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Bobek,  Pick,  Weinek. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Jaumann,  Lecher, 
Lippich,  Spitaler;  Docent  v.  Geitler 
Ritterv.  Armingen. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Brunner,  Garza- 
rolli  Edler  v.  Thurnlackh,  Gintl, 
Goldschmiedt ;  Docent  Mayer. 


GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Laube,  Pelikan. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Hatschek,  Lendl- 

mayr,   Ritter   v.   Lendenfeld ;    Docent 

Cori. 
BOTANY  :  Professors  Molisch,  Schiffner  ; 

Docent  Nestler. 
GEOGRAPHY:  Professor  Lenz. 

LAW   AND    POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Finger,  Frankl,  Franz, 
Krasnopolski,  Pfersche,  Pfaff,  Rauch- 
berg,  Schreuer,  Schuster,  Singer,  Ul- 
brich,  Ullman,  Freiherr  v.  Wieser, 
Zuckerkandl ;  Docent  Spiegel. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bayer,  Chiari,  Czermak, 
Dittrich,  Epstein,  Gad,  Ganghofner, 
Hueppe,  Huppert,  Jaksch,  Ritter  v. 
Wartenhorst,  Mayer,  Petrina,  A.  Pick, 
P.  J.  Pick.  Pohl,  Pribram,  Rabl,  Rex, 
Schenkl,  Singer,  Steinach,  Weil,  Wolfler, 
Zaufal ;  Docents  Boennecken,  v.  Frey,  A. 
Fischel,  R.  Fischel,  W  Fischel,  Hering, 
Herrnheiser,  Knapp,  Mttnzer,  G.  Pick, 
Pietrzikowski,  Ramnitz,  Spietschka, 
Waelsch,  Wfiener,  Winternitz. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Elbl,  Hauer,  Kurz,  Rieber, 
Schindler,  Schneedorfer,  Zaus. 

MUSIC. 

Professor  Adler  ;  Reader  Schneider. 


PRAGUE,    VIENNA. 


PRAGUE,  Bohemia,  Austria. 

K.  K.    BOHMISCHE    KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
C.    K.   CESKA    UNIVERSITA    KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. 
This  university,  founded  in   1882-3,  is  under  the  same  regula- 
tions as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;   see  pp.  1-3. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  rector,  PROFESSOR  REINSBERG. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  :       Professor 

Dvorak. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Kvicala,  Krai, 

Novak ;  Decent  Vysoky. 
ENGLISH  :  Reader  Sladek. 
GERMANIC:  Professors  Gebauer,  Kraus, 
Mourek,  Pastrnck,  Polivka ;  Docent 
Machal;    Readers    Brabek,     Kolar, 
J.  Krejci. 
ROMANCE  :  PJ  ofessor  Jarnik  ;  Readers 

Malecek,  Mohl. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Zubaty ;  Docent  Kovar 
HISTORY    OF    LITERATURE  :    Professor 

Frida ;  Docent  Vlcek. 
PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor  Durdik,    Mas- 
aryk  ;  Docents  Cada,  Drtina,  F.  Krejci. 
POLITICAL   ECONOMY:    Professor  Braf; 

Hon-Docent  Bloman. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Emler,  Goll,  Kal- 
ousek  ;  Docents  Novotny,   Pekar,  Pic, 
Zibrt. 

ESTHETICS  :  Professor  Hostinsky. 
ARCHAEOLOGY:  Docents  Chytil,  Matejka. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Docent  P.  Durdik. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Gruss,  Studnicka,  Weyr;  Do- 
cent Sucharda. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Kolacek,  Strouhal ; 
Docent  Novak. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Belohoubek, 
Brauner,  Rayman. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Vrba. 
GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Pocta,  Velenovsky, 

Woldrich ;  Docent  Barvir. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Palacky. 
METEOROLOGY  :  Professor  Augustin. 
BIOLOGY  :   Professors   Celakovsky,  Fric, 

Hansgirg,     Vejdovsky,     Velenovsky ; 

Docent  Mrazek. 
ANTHROPOLOGY  :     Professor    Niederle  ; 

Docent  Matiegka. 

LAIV  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Belohradsky,  Braf,  Celak- 
ovsky, Hanel,  Henner,  Herrmann,  Hey- 
rovsky,  Kaizl,  Ott,  Prazak,  Randa, 
Rieger,  Storch,  Stupecky,  Talir,  Zucker ; 
Docents  Bloman,  Horacek,  Tilsch,  Tra- 
kal,  Vancura. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Chodounsky,  Deyl,  Eiselt, 
Hlava,  Horbaczewski,  Janosik,  Janovsky, 
v.  Jirus,  Kabrhel,  Kasparek,  Kaufmann, 
Kuffner,  Maixner,  Maydl,  Mares,  Michl, 
Neureutter,  Nessel,  Pawlik,  Reinsberg, 
Rohon,  Rubeska,  Schobl,  Schwing, 
Spina,  Thomayer;  Docents  Formanek, 
Frankenberger,  Haskovec,  Hnatek,  Honl, 
Kimla,  Kukula,  Mitvalsky,  Pecirka, 
Pesina,  Scherer,  Schrutz,  Slavik,  Svehla, 
Velich,  Vesely. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Kaderavek,  Krystufek, 
Pachta,  Pechacek,  Sedlacek,  Sykora, 
Tumpach,  Vrestal ;  Docent  Tippmann. 


VIENNA,  Austria. 

K.  K.   UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university,  founded  in   1365,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Austria;   see  pp.  1-3. 


The  Medical  Fac- 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  9 

ulty  is  large  and  important,  and  for  this  reason  the  subjects  lectured 
on  by  the  different  professors  are  stated  below. 

A  \rerein  of  women  students  has  just  been  instituted,  and  a  sum 
of  money  has  been  bequeathed  for  the  purpose  of  founding  scholar- 
ships for  women  students. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — CHINESE  : 


Decent   Kiih- 


nert. 
SEMITIC  :     Professors    Bickell,    Hein- 

rich,  Miiller  ;  Docents  Bittner,  Hoff- 

ner,  Wahnnund. 
EGYPTIAN  :     Professor  Reinisch. 
CLASSICAL  :       Professors      Gitlbauer, 

Gomperz,   Hauler,   Marx,    Schenkl, 

Ritterv.  Schneider;  Docents  Jurenka, 

Kalinka,  Mekler. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Schipper  ;  Docent 

Kellner. 
GERMANIC  ( Slavonic,  etc. ) :  Professors 

Heinzel,  Jagic,  Jirecek,  Minor  ;  Do- 

cents  Jellinek,  Kraus,  Much,  Murko, 


Resetar,    Vondrak, 

Professors  Meyer-Liibke, 
Docents    Alton,     Fried- 


Professor 


Nagl,     v. 
Weilen. 
ROMANCE : 
Mussafia ; 
wagner. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  : 
Meringer ;  Docent  Sklenar. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Jodl,  Mach, 
Milliner ;  Docents  Hofler,  Jerusalem, 
Kreibig,  Reich,  Stohr. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Bormann,  Budin- 
ger,  Dopsch,  Miihlbacher,  Pribram, 
Redlich,  Szanto ;  Docents  Fellner, 
Hartmann,  Kretschmayr,  Steinherz, 
Uhlirz,  Wilhelm,  Ritter  v.  Zitkovszky. 

ORIENTAL  HISTORY  :  Professors  Kara- 
bacek,  Krall. 

ART  AND  ESTHETICS  :  Professors  Frei- 
herrv.  Berger,  Riegl,  Wickhoff;  Do- 
cents Dietz,  Dollmayr,  Ritter  v. 
Schlosser,  Wallaschek. 

ARCHAEOLOGY:  Professors  Kubitschek, 
Reisch,  v.  Schneider ;  Docents  Heber- 
dey.  Homes,  Reichel. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Vogt ;  Docent 
Hofler. 


Music:  Professor  Adler;  Docent 
Rietsch. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Ritter  v. 
Escherich,  Gegenbauer,  Kohn,  Mer- 
tens ;  Docents  Blaschke,  Daublebsky 
v.  Sterneck,  Sersawy,  Tauber,  Zindler, 
Zsigmondy. 

ASTRONOMY  :  Professor  Weiss ;  Do- 
cents Hillebrand,  Schram. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Boltzmann,  Exner, 
Jager,  v.  Lang ;  Docents  Lampa, 
Moser,  Smoluchowski,  Tuma. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Herzig,  Lieben, 
Lippmann,  Weidel ;  Docents  Blau 
Fossek,Natterer,  Pomeranz,  Schacherl, 
Vortmann,  Wegscheider,  Zeisel. 

MINERALOGY  AND  PETROGRAPHY  :  Pro- 
fessors Becke,  Berwerth,  Tschermak. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Diener,  Fuchs, 
Pernter,  Reyer,  E.  Suess,  Waagen ; 
Docents  Edler  v.  Arthaber,  E.  E. 
Suess,  Wahner. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Penck,  Tom- 
aschek  ;  Docents  Paulitschke,  Sieger. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Brauer,  Grobben, 
Hatschek ;  Docents  Pintner,  Schneider, 
Werner. 

BOTANY  :  Professors  Beck  Ritter  v. 
Mannagetta,  Fritsch,  Wettstein,  Wies- 
ner ;  Docents  Burgerstein,  Krasser. 

ETHNOGRAPHY  :     Docent  Haberlandt. 

METEOROLOGY  :     Docent  Trabert. 

LAW  AND   POLITICAL   SCIENCE. 

Professors  Adler,  v.  Bawerk,  Bernatzik, 
v.  Czyhlarz,  Friedmann,  Gross,  Griinhut, 
v.  Heinlein,  v.  Inama-Sternegg,  F. 
Klein,  Lammasch,  Lustkandl,  A.  Men- 
ger,  K.  Menger,  Menzel,  Mitteis,  Pfaff, 
v.  Phillipsberg,  v.  Rechtenstamm,  v. 
Schey,  v.  Seidler,  Stooss,  Unger,  v.  Zal- 


10 


VIENNA. 


linger  ;  Docents  Brockhausen,  Burckhard, 
Ehrenzweig,  Feilbogen,  Gross,  Gruber, 
Griinberg,  v.  Herrnritt,  v.  Juraschek, 
Komorzynski,  Landesberger,  Lenz,  Loff- 
ler,  Meyer,  Pineles,  Pollak,  Schmid,  v. 
Schrattenhofen,  Schwiedland,  Singer, 
Strisower,  Tezner,  Walker,  v.  Wretschko. 

MEDICINE. 

ANATOMY  :  Professors  Dalla-Rosa,  Pal- 
tauf,  Schenk,  Toldt,  Weichselbaum, 
Zuckerkandl ;  Docent  Kretz. 

PHYSIOLOGY  :  Professors  Exner,  Fuchs  ; 
Docents  Beer,  Kreidl,  Latschenberger. 

HISTOLOGY  :  Professors  Ebner  Ritter  v. 
Rofenstein,  Schaffer ;  Docent  Rabl. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Ludwig,  Mauth- 
ner  ;  Docent  S.  Frankel. 

MEDICINE:  Professors  Chvostek,  Oser, 
Winternitz;  Docents  Biach,  Drozda, 
Hammerschlag,  Heitler,  Herz,  Klein, 
Kolisch,  v.  Limbeck,  H.  Lorenz,  Man- 
naberg,  Obermayer,  Ortner,  Pal,  Pick, 
Schlesinger,  Schwarz,  Sternberg, 
Strauss,  Weiss,  Ritter  v.  Weismayr. 

SURGERY:  Professors  Albert,  Englisch, 
Ritter  v.  Frisch,  Gussenbauer,  Hoch- 
eneggi  Hofmokl,  A.  Lorenz,  Ritter  v. 
Mosetig-Moorhof,  Weinlechner  ;  Do- 
cents Biidinger,  Ewald,  Fieber,  Frank, 
Frankel,  Habart,  Schnitzler,  E.  Ull- 
mann,  Zuckerkandl. 

OBSTETRICS  :  Professors  Braun,  Breus, 
Chrobak,  Lott,  Schauta ;  Docents 
Braun  v.  Fernwald,  Felsenreich,  Herz- 
feld,  Jurie  Edler  v.  Lavandal,  Li- 
hotzky,  Ludwig,  Peters,  Wertheim,  v. 
Weiss. 

PHARMACY  :  Professor  Vogl ;  Docent 
Paschkis. 

PATHOLOGY  :  Professors  Ritter  v.  Basch, 
Gaertner,  Knoll,  Neusser,  Nothnagel, 
Schrotter  Ritter  v.  Kristelli,  Ritter  v. 


Stoffella  d'alta  Rupe ;  Docents  Biedl, 
Kovacs,  Schiitz. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  EAR:  Professors  Po- 
litzer,  Urbantschitsch  ;  Docents  Bing, 
Gomperz,  Pollak. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  EYE  :  Professors  Berg- 
meister,  Fuchs,  Ritter  v.  Reuss,  Schna- 
bel ;  Docents  Bernheimer,  Elschnig, 
R.  Gruber,  Klein,  K5nigstein,  Miiller, 
Salzmann,  Topolansky,  Wintersteiner. 

DISEASES  OF  CHILDREN:  Professors  Friih- 
wald,  Kassowitz,  Monti,  Freiherr  v. 
Widerhofer  ;  Docents  Eisenschitz,  Fol- 
tanek,  Fronz,  Ritter  v.  Hiittenbrenner. 

SKIN  DISEASES  :  Professors  Finger,  Rit- 
ter v.  Hebra,  Kaposi,  Lang,  Mracek, 
Neumann,  Edler  v.  Zeissl ;  Docents 
Ehrmann,  Griinfeld,  Ritter  v.  Hebra, 
Kohn,  Riehl,  Schiff,  Spiegler,  K.  Ull- 
mann,  Vajda. 

NERVOUS  DISEASES  :  Professors  Bene- 
dikt,  Frankl  Ritter  v.  Hochwart, 
Fritsch,  Freiherr  v.  Krafft-Ebing,Ober- 
steiner,  Wagner  Ritter  v.  Jauregg  ;  Do- 
cents Freud,  Hollander,  Redlich,  Frei 
herr  Steiner  v.  Pfungen. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  THROAT  :  Professors 
Chiari,  Stoerk ;  Docents  Grossmann, 
Hajek,  Koschier,  Rethi,  Roth. 

BALNEOLOGY  :  Professor  Clar. 

HOSPITAL  PRACTICE  :    Professor  Stern. 

MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE  :  Professors 
Haberda,  Kolisko. 

HISTORY  OF  MEDICINE:  Professor  Pusch- 
mann  ;  Docents  Neuburger,  Ritter  v. 
Toply. 

HYGIENE  :  Professors  M.  Gruber, 
Kratschmer ;  Docent  Schattenfroh. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bauer,  Ehrhard,  Grimmich, 
Laurin,  Neumann,  Polzl,  Reinhold, 
Schafer,  Schindler,  Swoboda. 


BELGIUM.  ii 


BELGIUM. 

There  are  in  Belgium  five  universities,  the  state  universi- 
ties of  Ghent  and  Liege,  the  free  universities  of  Brussels  and 
Louvain,  and  the  new  university  of  Brussels.  In  1883  women 
were  admitted  on  the  same  conditions  as  men  to  the  univer- 
sities of  Brussels,  Ghent  and  Liege  and  also  allowed  to  take 
the  state  examinations.  The  new  University  of  Brussels  has 
been  open  to  women  since  its  foundation.  The  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  Louvain,  however,  does  not  admit  women. 

Each  university  comprises  the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science, 
Law  and  Medicine,  and  each  of  these  Faculties  provides  in- 
struction and  grants  upon  examination  the  degrees  of  Can- 
didate and  Doctor  to  students  who  have  fulfilled  certain  re- 
quirements. 

Examinations  are  also  held  and  degrees  conferred  by  state 
commissions,  made  up  of  examiners  chosen  in  equal  numbers 
from  among  the  professors  of  the  state  universities  and  the 
free  university.  These  commissions  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
central  commission  and  special  commissions.  The  central 
commission  is  accessible  to  any  student  who  desires  to  present 
himself  for  examination,  the  special  commissions,  instituted 
for  certain  separate  "  faculties  "  or  colleges  which  do  not  con- 
stitute a  university,  are  accessible  only  to  students  of  the  fac- 
ulties for  which  they  were  established. 

No  student  is  admitted  to  the  examination  for  the  degree  of 
Candidate,  unless  he  present  a  certificate,  stating  that  he  has 
followed  certain  specified  courses  of  study.  Such  certificates 
may  be  given  by  the  directors  of  private  schools  or  even  by 
private  teachers.  They  testify,  however,  to  a  prolonged 
preparation,  and  since  this  enactment  was  passed  in  1890 
the  number  of  women  students  in  the  universities  has  greatly 


12  BRUSSELS. 

•diminished.  Students  who  cannot  produce  the  necessary  cer- 
tificate must  pass  an  entrance  examination. 

No  student  is  admitted  to  the  examination  for  the  degree  of 
Doctor  unless  he  has  obtained  the  degree  of  Candidate  or  a 
degree  considered  equivalent  to  this. 

To  obtain  the  degree  of  Candidate  in  Philosophy  and  Lit- 
erature, the  student  is  required  to  study  for  four  semesters 
and  to  pass  two  examinations.  The  course  of  study  is  defi- 
nitely prescribed  but  foreigners  are  allowed  to  substitute 
equivalent  work.  It  is  advisable  for  a  foreigner  to  have  his 
diplomas  certified  by  some  member  of  the  Belgian  embassy. 
For  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  two  additional  years 
of  study  are  required,  and  one  or  two  more  examinations 
must  be  passed. 

The  year  is  divided  into  two  semesters,  beginning  respec- 
tively on  the  first  Thursday  in  October  and  on  the  last  Mon- 
day in  February. 

The  fees  charged  by  the  state  and  the  free  universities  are 
approximately  the  same.  Upon  registering  at  the  university 
each  student  is  required  to  pay  15  fr.  ($3).  In  addition  he 
must  register  for  the  courses  that  he  desires  to  take  ;  for  such 
registration  a  fee  of  200  fr.  ($40)  or  250  fr.  ($50)  a  year  is 
charged  for  attending  all  the  courses  required  for  the  differ- 
ent degrees.  The  fee  for  attending  one  particular  course 
is  40  fr.  ($8)  to  80  fr.  ($16)  a  year. 

BRUSSELS,  Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE    LIBRE   DE    BRUXELLES. 

This  university,  founded  in  1834,  and  independent  of  Church 
and  State,  consists  of  the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medi- 
cine and  Pharmacy,  and  a  Technical  School. 

In  1897  the  Special  School  of  Social  and  Political  Science  was 
definitely  organised.  All  the  courses  are  open  free  to  the  public, 


BELGIUM. 


but  regular  students  must  hold  a  Doctor's  degree  in  one  of  the 
faculties  of  a  Belgian  University  or  a  foreign  degree  equivalent 
to  this,  or  must  pass  a  preliminary  examination.  A  two  years' 
course  is  prescribed  for  the  degree  of  Licentiate  in  any  branch  of 
Political  Science,  and  an  additional  year's  work  is  required  before 
the  degree  of  Doctor  can  be  obtained. 

Women  are  admitted  to  all  lectures,  examinations  and  degrees. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  October,  the  second  semester  in 
March. 

For  fees,  etc.,  see  above;  the  fee  for  tuition  in  the  School  of 
Social  and  Political  Science  is  50  fr.  ($10). 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  M.  LAVACHERY. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Reychler,  Rousseau. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Daimeries,  Joly, 

Reychler,  de  Wilde. 
GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Prinz. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Bommer,    Errera, 

Francotte,  Lameere,  Massart,  Romme- 

laere,  Yseux. 
ENGINEERING  :  M.  de  Keyser. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors 
Boisacq,  De  Moor,  Vollgraff,  Wil- 
lems. 
ROMANCE  :  Professors  Monseur,   Per- 

gameni. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  Monseur,  Voll- 
graff. 

SANSCRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOL- 
OGY :  Professor  Monseur. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Denis,  Leclere, 
Tiberghien;  MM.  Berthelot,  Dwels- 
hauvers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Denis, 
P.  Errera,  Giron,  Goblet  D'Alviella, 
Lameere,  Nys,  Vauthier ;  MM.  An- 
siaux,  Cattier,  Hymans,  Waxweiler, 
Wodon. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Goblet  d'Alviella, 
Leclere,  Lonchay,  Pergameni,  Van- 
derkindere. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Lonchay. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Anspach, 
Brand,  Charbo,  Mineur,  Tassel ;  M. 
Stroobant. 


LAW   AND    POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Baudour,  Behaeghel,  Cor- 
nil,  Dallemagne,  Duvivier,  Giron,  Nys, 
Olin,  Prins,  Van  der  Rest,  Thomas,  M. 
Vautier,  A.  Vauthier;  MM.  Berthelot, 
Cattier,  de  Hoon,  Hanssens. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Carpentier,  Coppez,  Crocq, 
Desmeth,  Destree,  Hauben,  Heger, 
Jacques,  Kufferath,  Laurent,  Romme- 
laere,  Sacre,  de  Smet,  Spehl,  Stienon, 
1  hiriar  ;  MM.  Gallet,  Wilmart. 

TECHNICAL    SCHOOL. 

Professors  Anspach,  Berge,  Van  Dru- 
nen,  Horta,  Huberti ;  M.  Habets. 


UNIVERSITE    NOUVELLE   DE    BRUXELLES. 
21  and  28  rue  des   Minimes ;    28  rue  de  Ruysbroeck,  Brussels,  Belgium. 

This  university,  founded  in  1894,  consists  of  the  four  faculties  of 
Arts,   Science,   Law  and  Medicine,  and  has  a  technical  school,  a 


14  BRUSSELS. 

school  of  brewing  and  an  Institut  des  Hautes  Etudes.  It  has  the 
right  to  give  diplomas  to  students  whether  foreign  or  native,  but 
these  diplomas  do  not  yet  confer  the  same  privileges  in  the  way  of 
admission  to  learned  professions  in  Belgium  as  those  obtained  from 
other  Belgian  universities. 

Women  are  admitted  to  all  lectures,  examinations  and  degrees. 

The  fee  for  registration  (inscription}  in  the  different  faculties 
is  150  francs  ($30)  ;  the  fee  for  admission  to  a  single  course  is  30 
francs  ($6).  In  the  Institut  a  card  costing  40  francs  ($8)  admits 
to  all  the  courses  for  a  year.  There  are  three  scholarships  of  500 
francs  ($100)  each,  giving  free  admission  to  all  the  courses  of  the 
university  and  of  the  Institut  des  Hautes  Etudes.  There  are  also 
forty  scholarships  of  150  francs  ($30)  each.  Candidates  for  these 
scholarships  should  apply,  in  writing,  to  M.  le  Secretaire  General, 
before  the  first  of  October. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary,  M.  Charles  De- 
jongh,  21,  rue  des  Minimes,  a  Bruxelles;  or  in  England  to  Mr. 
Cobden  Sanderson,  49,  Frognat,  Hampstead,  London,  W. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  ARCHITECTURE  :    Professors  Defontaine, 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors  Hankar,  Vincent. 

Collette,     Grossmann,      Huysmans,  PEDAGOGY  :  Professors  Cocq,  Robin. 

Zanardelli.  SCIENCE, 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Demblon   Eek-  MATHEMATICS  .      Professors      Bernard, 

houd  Huysmans,  Lemonmer,  Spaak,  Girardj  Leb(,gue)  Mongenast,  L.  Mo- 

Zanardelli.  r         Picard,  Roorda ;  M.  Bertrand. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  de  Greef  Del-  ?HYSICS  .  Professors  Biancoff,  De  Brou- 

vaux    de  Roberty,  Hennebicq,  Meyer,  ^^    ^  (5onrard 

Nordau,  Petrucci,  Sollier  CHEMISTRY  :    Professors   Courtoy,    Del- 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :    Professors  Brouez,  Depaepe,   Dungelhoeff,   Gille 

de    Brouckere,    de    Greef    Ddbastee,  gchuyten,  Vincent ;  J/  Bernard. 

Feron,  Fern     Flamingo    Kovalevsky,  GEQLO(^Y  .  Professors  Malaise,   Vincent. 

Lazare,   Vandervelde,   Van  Elewyck,  BlOLQGY .  Pro}essors  Chalon,  Coremans, 

Vmck ;  M  Salkm           r      fv       -  Delbastee,     Depaepe,     De     Rechter, 

HISTORY  :  Professors  De  Greef,  Furne-  Nod  N[          p^cj    ^  Cherbanoff. 
mont,  Gedoelst,    Gneude,   Huysmans, 

Joseph,    Meysmans,    Reclus,    Robert,  LAW. 

Seeliger.  Professors    Adan,    Bon,    Carlier,    De- 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Reclus.  jongh,     Des    Cressonnieres,     Duchaine, 

ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors  Dumont,      D' Union,      Franck,      Frick, 

Bacha,     Destree,     Joseph,     Petrucci,  Gedoelst,  Ghysbrecht,   Hamande,  Hege- 

Picard,  Van  de  Velde,  Verhaeren.  ner,  Hennebicq,  Heupgen,  Houyoux,  P. 

EGYPTOLOGY  :  M.  Galiment.  Janson,     P.    E.    Janson,     LaFontaine, 


BELGIUM. 


Moreau,  Octors,  Pi  card,  Prayon  van  Zuy- 
len,  Previnaire,  Robert,  Royer,  Schoen- 
feld,  Treille,  Van  der  Cruyssen,  Van  Ister- 
beek,  Van  Meenen. 


MEDICINE. 


Professors     Bonmariage,     Boulengier, 


Brasseur,  Delbastee,  Delcourt,  De  No- 
bele,  De  Rechter,  Felix,  Gillion,  Hen- 
rotay,  Jacobs,  Lambotte,  Lepine,  Mare- 
chal,  Martha,  Michaud,  Mineur,  C. 
Moreau,  Pirsch,  Popelin,  Riez,  Troost, 
Van  den  Bergh,  Wodon,  MM.  Bran- 
quart,  Claessens. 


GHE\T,  Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE    DE    L'   ETAT    DE    GAND. 

This  university,  founded  in  1816,  consists  of  the  Faculties  of 
Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine.  The  degrees,  lectures  and  ex- 
aminations are  open  to  women.  In  1898-99  two  women  were  at- 
tending courses  in  the  university  and  both  were  registered  in  the 
Medical  Faculty. 

The  first  semester  begins  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October,  the 
second  semester  on  the  last  Monday  in  February. 

For  fees,  etc.,  see  above. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :  Professors 
de  la  Vallee  Poussin,  Thomas  ;  MM. 
Bidez,  Preud'  Homme. 

FLEMISH  :    Professors  Fredericq,  Ver- 
coullie  ;  M.  de  Vreese. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Bley. 

ENGLISH  :     Professor  Logeman. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Discailles. 

CHINESE  :  M.  Steenackers. 

RUSSIAN  :  M.  Taitsch. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND    SANS- 
KRIT :  Professor  de  la  Vallee  Poussin. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Van   Biervliet, 

Hoffmann,  Hulin. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  de  Ceuleneer,  Cu- 

mont,  Motte,  Pirenne ;  MM.  Van  der 

Haeghen,  Roersch. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Dusausoy,  Foulon,  Haerens, 
Mansion,  Massau,  Mister,  Van  Rys- 
selberghe,  Servais ;  MM.  Demoulin, 
Fagnart,  Wolters. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Van  Aubel,  Boul- 
vin,  Van  der  Mensbrugge,  Schoentjes. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Delacre,  Gilson, 
Nelissen,  de  la  Royere,  Swarts. 


GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professor 
Renard. 

PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Mac- 
Leod, Van  der  Mensbrugge,  Renard. 

METALLURGY  :  M.  Breda. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Van  Bambeke,  Van 
Ermengem,  MacLeod,  Plateau. 

ENGINEERING:  Professors  Boulvin,  Van 
der  Linden,  G.  Wolters ;  MM.  Colard, 
Flamache. 

ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Cloquet. 

TECHNOLOGY  :  Professor  de  Wilde ;  M. 
Foulon. 

COMMERCIAL  GEOGRAPHY:  M.  Merten. 


Professors  De  Brabandere,  Dubois, 
Callier,  D'Hondt,  Montigny,  Nossent, 
Obrie,  Pyfferoen,  de  Ridder,  Rolin, 
Seresia,  Van  Wetter;  MM.  Claeys, 
Dauge,  Halleux,  Nicolai. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Van  Bambeke,  Boddaert, 
Bouque,  Van  Cauwenberghe,  de  Cock, 
Deneffe,  Van  Duyse,  Eeman,  Van  Erm- 
engem, Gilson,  Heymans,  Van  Imschoot, 
Lahousse,  Leboucq,  Verstraeten. 


16 


LI&GE. 


LIEGE,  Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE   DE    LIEGE. 

This  university,  founded  in  1817,  consists  of  the  Faculties  of 
Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine.  There  is  also  a  Technical 
School.  The  degrees,  lectures  and  examinations  are  open  to 
women.  In  1898-99  nine  women  were  attending  courses  in  the 
university. 

The  first  semester  begins  on  the  third  Thursday  in  October,  the 
second  in  the  beginning  of  March. 

For  fees,  etc.,  see  above. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  :      Professor 
Chauvin. 

CLASSICAL  :      Professors    Demarteau, 
Michel,  Parmentier,  Waltzing. 

ENGLISH  :  MM.  Orth,  Veerdeghem. 

FLEMISH  :    MM.  de  Block,  Veerde- 
ghem. 

GERMANIC  :  MM.  Bischoff,  Orth. 

ROMANCE  :     Professors     Doutrepont, 

Wilmotte. 
HISTORY  OF  LITERATURE  :   Professors 

Francotte,  Kurth. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Grafe,  Merten. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Dejace, 

Francotte;  MM.  De  Craene,Delescluse. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Hubert,  Kurth,  Le- 

quarre. 

PALAEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Bormans. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :   Professor  De- 
marteau ;  M.  Renard. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Lepaige, 
Neuberg,  de  Locht,  J.  de  Ruyts ; 
MM.  Hubert,  F.  de  Ruyts. 


PHYSICS  :  Professors  de  Heen,  Ronkar. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Spring,  de  Kon- 

inck. 
GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professors 

Cesaro,  Dewalque,  Lohest ;  M.  Firket. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Van  Beneden, 

Fraipont,  Gravis. 
HYGIENE  :  M.  Kuborn. 

LAW. 

Professors  Dejace,  Galopin,  Lemaire, 
Mahaim,  Orban,  De  Senarclens,  Van  der 
Smissen,  Thiry ;  MM.  Bellefroid,  Cra- 
hay,  Prost,  Schneider,  Willems. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Firket,  Francotte,  Fraipont, 
Fredericq,  Gilkinet,  Jorrisen,  Julin, 
Masius,  Nuel,  Putzeys,  Scheffers,  Swaen, 
v.  Winiwarter ;  MM.  Chandelon,  Henri- 
jean,  Jorissen,  Malvoz,  Troisfontaines. 

TECHNICAL    SCHOOL. 

Professors  Breda,  Dechamps,  Duguet, 
v.  Dwelshauvers  de  Ry,  Gerard,  Gillon 
Habets,  Holzer,  Krutwig,  Stevart. 


CANADA.  17 


CANADA. 

There  are  in  Canada  the  following  universities :  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  Brunswick,  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick ; 
Dalhousie  College  and  University,  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia ; 
Queens  College  and  University,  Kingston,  Ontario ;  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bishop's  College,  Lennoxville,  Quebec ;  McGill 
University,  Montreal ;  the  University  of  Toronto,  University 
College,  Victoria  University  and  Trinity  University,  To- 
ronto ;  the  University  of  Manitoba,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba. 

The  courses  and  degrees  of  these  universities  are  in  gen- 
eral open  to  women.  In  some  cases  there  are  special  Med- 
ical Schools  for  Women  connected  with  the  university  and 
giving  preparation  for  the  university  degrees. 

The  colleges  have  as  a  rule  no  halls  of  residence ;  the  stu- 
dents reside  in  boarding  houses,  which  must  be  approved  by 
the  college  authorities. 

FREOERICTON,  New  Brunswick. 
UNIVERSITY   OF    NEW    BRUNSWICK. 

The  University  of  New  Brunswick,  founded  in  1800,  gives  in- 
struction and  confers  degrees  in  Arts,  Science  and  Law. 

Four  classes  of  students  are  recognised  :  undergraduates,  students 
in  special  undergraduate  courses,  partial  students  (those  who  attend 
two  or  more  courses  of  lectures  and  are  matriculated),  and  oc- 
casional students  (those  admitted  by  the  Faculty  to  a  particular 
course  of  lectures.) 

Women  are  admitted  to  the  university  on  the  same  terms  as  men, 
that  is,  unless  they  are  merely  occasional  students,  they  have  to  pass 
the  ordinary  entrance  examinations. 

The  academic  year  consists  of  two  terms,  the  Michaelmas  term, 
beginning  on  September  28th  and  ending  on  December  2oth,  the 
Easter  term,  beginning  on  January  5th  and  ending  on  May  3ist. 


1 8  HALIFAX. 

The  matriculation  fee  is  $2  and  the  tuition  fee  $30  annually.  In 
addition  every  student  upon  matriculating  must  give  to  the  registrar 
a  bond  to  the  amount  of  $40  to  pay  all  charges  accruing  under  the 
regulations  of  the  university. 

The  average  cost  of  board  and  lodging  in  Fredericton  is  $3  a 
week. 

Six  scholarships  are  offered  at  the  University  of  New  Brunswick, 
but  women  are  excluded  from  three  of  these. 

For  further  information  address  PROF.  STOCKLEY,  Fredericton, 
New  Brunswick. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  SCIENCE. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professor  MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Harrison. 

Raymond  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Downing. 

ENGLISH    AND    FRENCH  :     Professor  CHEMISTRY  AND    NATURAL    SCIENCE  : 

Stockley.  Professor  Bailey. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  ENGINEERING  :  Professors  Dixon,  Down- 

Professor  John  Davidson.  ing. 
HISTORY  :  Professor  Raymond. 


HALIFAX,  Nova  Scotia. 
DALHOUSIE   COLLEGE   AND    UNIVERSITY. 

Dalhousie  College  was  founded  in  1821,  and  by  an  act  passed  in 
1841  university  powers  were  granted  to  the  college. 

Courses  are  given  and  degrees  conferred  in  Arts,  Science,  Law 
and  Medicine. 

Persons  of  either  sex  may  become  students  at  the  college  by  fur- 
nishing satisfactory  references,  entering  their  names  in  the  register 
and  paying  the  annual  registration  fee.  Registered  students  may, 
after  paying  the  proper  fee,  enter  any  of  the  ordinary  classes  of  the 
college.  The  advanced  classes  are  open  to  students  who  have  suf- 
ficient knowledge  of  the  subjects  taught  in  them. 

The  college  has  no  hall  of  residence,  but  women  undergraduates 
are  admitted,  under  special  conditions,  as  boarders  at  the  Halifax 
Ladies'  College. 

The  academic  year  consists  of  one  session.  The  session  in  Arts 
and  Science  begins  about  the  middle  of  September,  the  School  of 


CANADA.  19 

Law  begins  about  September  ist,  and  that  of  Medicine  about  Oc- 
tober i st.  All  the  sessions  close  at  the  end  of  April. 

The  registration  fee  is  $4  to  be  paid  annually.  $6  is  paid  for 
attendance  in  each  class  which  is  not  practical ;  for  the  practical 
classes  the  fees  vary  from  $6  to  $14  per  class.  The  average  amount 
of  fees  per  session  is  $34. 

Seven  scholarships  are  awarded  at  Dalhousie  College.  Five  of 
these  are  of  the  value  of  $40  each,  while  the  others  entitle  the 
holders  to  exemption  from  fees  during  the  entire  course. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  Dalhousie  Col- 
lege, Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  CHEMISTRY  AND  MINERALOGY  :     Pro- 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors  fessor  Mackay. 

Johnson  (Emeritus),   Murray;  Mr.  BIOLOGY:     Mr.  Halliday. 

J.  W.  Logan.  ENGINEERING  :     Drs.    Gilpin,  Murphy  ; 

ENGLISH  :     Professor  MacMechan.  Messrs.  Archibald,  Dick,  Doane,  Dod- 

MODERN  :     Professor  Liechti.  well,  Johnston,  E.  Gilpin,  Jr.,  McColl. 

PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor  W.  C.  Murray.  LAW. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  AND  HISTORY  :  Pro-  Professors  Russell,  '  Weldon  ;  Messrs. 

fessor  Forrest  Cahan    Harrington,  Mclnnes,  Ritchie. 
PEDAGOGY  :     Professor  W.  C.  Murray  ; 

Messrs.  Kennedy,  McKay,  Miller.  MEDICINE. 

Examiners  Anderson,   Black,   Camp- 

SCIENCE,  bell,   Cowie,   Curry,    Farrell,    Goodwin, 

MATHEMATICS  :     Professor  Macdonald  ;  Henry,  Lindsay,  McLaren,   Muir,  Page, 

Mr.  Morton.  Parker,  Reid,  Silver,  Sinclair,   Stewart, 

PHYSICS  :     Professor  MacGregor.  Tobin. 

KINGSTON,  Ontario. 
QUEEN'S    COLLEGE   AND    UNIVERSITY. 

This  university,  which  has  been  open  to  women  on  the  same 
conditions  as  to  men  since  its  foundation  in  1830,  and  has  had 
women  students  attending  its  courses  since  1876,  gives  instruction 
and  confers  degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology. 

The  classes  and  pass  examinations  are  open  to  unmatriculated 
students,  but  candidates  for  a  degree  must  pass  the  matriculation 
examination.  Certain  equivalent  examinations  are  accepted. 

Students,  when  registering,  must  produce  a  certificate  of  char- 
acter and  pay  the  required  fees. 


20  LENNOXVILLE. 

Classes  in  Arts,  Applied  Science  and  Medicine  begin  about  Octo- 
ber ist  and  end  about  April  loth.  Classes  in  Theology  begin  on 
November  ist  arid  end  on  April  i4th. 

There  is  a  short  summer  session  in  Medicine,  beginning  on  April 
27th  and  ending  on  June  24th,  and  a  summer  session  in  Science, 
beginning  on  July  5th  and  lasting  four  weeks. 

Class  fees  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  are  $25  per  session ;  in  the  Fac- 
ulty of  Science  about  $40;  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  $75.  Fees 
for  single  classes  are  $8  per  session.  Fees  for  registration,  etc., 
are  $10. 

There  are  numerous  prizes  and  scholarships. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  registrar,  MR.  GEORGE  Y. 

CHOWN. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  PHYSICS  :      Professor     Marshall ;     Mr. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors  Baker. 

Glover,    Macnaughton,    Nicholson  ;  CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Goodwin  ;  Mr. 

Messrs.  Black,  Misner,  Wallace.  Wood. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Cappon.  MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Nicol. 

GERMANIC  :    Professor  Macgillivray  ;  GEOLOGY  :  Mr.  Miller. 

Mr.  Day.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors   Fowler,    Knight ; 

ROMANCE  :      Professor  Macgillivray  ;  Messrs.  Watson,  Williamson. 

Mr.  Mclntosh.  LAIV 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY:     Professor  Lectlirers        Britton,        Macdonnell, 

Nicholson.  Machar,  Mclntyre,  Rogers,  Walkem. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors   Dyde,    Wat- 

son;  Messrs.  Burton,  Hall.  MBDIUNB. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor   Shortt ;  Professors  Anglm,  Campbell,  Fowler, 

Mr  Cannon  Garrett,   Herald,  Mundell,   Ryan,  Sulh- 

HISTORY  :     Professor    Ferguson  ;     Mr.  van»  Wood  5  Drs-  Clarke,  J.  C.  Connell, 

Carmichael.  w-  T-  Cornell. 

SCIENCE.  THE  OLOGY. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Dupuis  ;  Mr.  Professors  Grant,  Mowat,  Ross  ;  Dr. 

Metzler.  Thompson. 

LENNOXVILLE,  Quebec. 
UNIVERSITY    OF   BISHOP'S    COLLEGE. 

Bishop's  College,  founded  in  1843,  is  a  small  college  giving  an 
academic  course  in  Arts  and  Divinity,  and  conferring  degrees  in 
Arts,  Medicine,  Theology  and  Music,  in  connection  with  the 
Faculty  of  Medicine  in  Montreal  and  the  Dominion  College  of 
Music.  Almost  all  the  students  reside  in  the  college  buildings,  and 


CANADA,  21 

chiefly  on  this  account  the  college  is  not  open  to  women,  though 
women  have  attended  the  courses  in  medicine. 

The  fees  for  board,  lodging  and  tuition  tor  the  year  are  $190. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  registrar,  Mr.  F. 
W.  FRITH,  Lennoxville,  Quebec. 

MONTREAL,,  Canada. 
McGILL   COLLEGE   AND    UNIVERSITY. 

McGill  College  and  University,  founded  in  1821,  comprises  the 
Faculties  of  Arts,  Applied  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Compara- 
tive Medicine  and  Veterinary  Science ;  it  gives  instruction  and  con- 
fers degrees  in  these  subjects.  The  educational  work  of  the 
University  is  carried  on  in  McGill  College  and  the  Royal  Victoria 
College  for  women,  and  in  the  following  affiliated  colleges  :  Mor- 
rin  College,  Quebec ;  St.  Francis  College,  Richmond,  P.  Q. ;  Van- 
couver, College,  Vancouver,  B.  C.,  and  five  Theological  Colleges. 

Students  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts  are  classified  as  undergraduates 
and  partial  students.  Undergraduates  alone  can  proceed  to  the 
degree  of  B.A.,  and  must  pass  the  required  entrance  examinations. 
Candidates  for  admission  as  partial  students  must  satisfy  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  several  subjects  they  select  of  their  fitness  to  attend 
the  lectures  or  be  examined  in  these  subjects.  Students  of  other 
universities  may  be  admitted  to  a  like  standing  in  this  University 
on  production  of  certificates  and  after  examination  by  the  Faculty. 

The  classes  in  Arts  and  Science  (except  Engineering)  are  open 
to  women  on  the  same  conditions  as  to  men,  and  in  these  subjects 
women  take  the  same  examinations  as  men,  under  the  same  regula- 
tions, and  may  obtain  the  same  degrees.  Separate  classes  are  held 
for  women  in  McGill  College  and  the  Royal  Victoria  College,  but 
women  attend  the  honours  classes,  advanced  sections,  and  the 
laboratories  with  the  men  students. 

The  session  begins  on  September  i5th  and  ends  on  April  3Oth. 

Undergraduates  pay  $60  per  session,  including  gymnasium, 
matriculation  and  graduation  fees.  Partial  students  pay  $16  per 
session  for  one  course  of  lectures  in  the  first  or  second  year,  in- 


22  MONTREAL. 

eluding  the  use  of  the  library,  and  $12  for  each  additional  course; 
in  the  third  or  fourth  year,  $25  for  one  course,  and  $20  for  each 
additional  course,  including  laboratories  and  laboratory  materials. 

About  thirty  exhibitions  and  scholarships,  tenable  for  one  or  two 
years,  are  offered  annually.  Women  have  the  same  privileges  as 
men  with  reference  to  exhibitions,  scholarships,  honours,  prizes  and 
medals. 

The  Royal  Victoria  College,  which  is  situated  within  the  precincts 
of  McGill  University,  is  open  to  women  only.  It  consists  of  one 
large  hall  of  residence,  providing  accommodation  for  the  mistress, 
resident  tutors,  and  about  one  hundred  students,  and  comprises  sev- 
eral lecture  halls,  theatre  and  gymnasium.  The  charge  for  board, 
lodging  and  tuition  is  from  $300  to  $450  per  session,  and  this 
covers  all  university  and  college  charges.  Each  student  has  a  bed- 
room and  sitting  room  or  one  large  sitting  room  divided. 

For  further  information  apply  to  Mr.  W.  VAUGHAN,  Registrar, 
McGill  University,  Montreal. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  BIOLOGY:     Professors  MacBride,   Mills, 

LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL:      Professor  Penhallow ;     Drs.    J.    D.    Cameron, 

Coussirat.  Elder,  Henderson,  McCarthy,  Morrow, 

CLASSICAL  :     Professors  Carter,  Eaton,  Robertson,  Ross,  Scane,  Springle;  Mr. 

Peterson  ;   Messrs.    Sanders,    Slack.  Jackson  ;  Miss  Derick. 

ENGLISH  :     Professor  Moyse ;  Messrs.  ENGINEERING  :     Professors   Bovey,  Mc- 

Archibald,    P.     T.     Lafleur ;    Miss  Leod,     Nicolson,      Owens,       Porter ; 

Mitchell.  Messrs.      Armstrong,     Bell,     Durley, 

GERMANIC:     Messrs.     Gregor,     Lam-  Herdt,  Jaquays,  Kerry,  Lea. 

bert.  ARCHITECTURE  :     Professor  Capper. 

ROMANCE  :     Messrs.  Ingres,  Lambert,  LAW. 

Morin.  Professors  Davidson,  Doherty,  Fortin, 

PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor  Murray ;    Mr.  Geoffrion,  E.   Lafleur,  Macmaster,  Mar- 

Lafleur.  ler,  McGoun,  Walton  ;  Messrs.  Geoffrion, 

HISTORY  :     Professor  Colby.  Macdougall,  Ryan. 

ELOCUTION  :     Mr.  Stephen.  MEDICINE. 

SCIENCE.  Professors  Adami,  Armstrong,  Baker, 

MATHEMATICS:      Professors    Chandler,  Bell,  Birkett,   Blackader,   Buller,  J.   C. 

Johnson ;  Messrs.  Lea,  Tory.  Cameron,  Craik,  Finley,  Gardner,  John- 

PHYSICS  :     Professors  Cox,   Rutherford ;  ston,    H.    A.    Lafleur,    C.     McEachran, 

Messrs.  Barnes,  King,  Pitcher.  D.     McEachran,     Roddick,     Shepherd, 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professors  Girdwood,  Har-  Stewart,  Wilkins  ;  Drs.  Anderson,  Brad- 

rington,     Ruttan,     Walker ;     Messrs.  ley,  Burgess,  K.  Cameron,  G.  G.  Camp- 

Brodie,  Evans,  Saunders,  Wolf.  bell,    Evans,    Gardner,    Garrow,    Gunn, 

MINERALOGY  :     Professor  Harrington.  Hamilton,   Hutchison,  Kerry,  Lockhart, 

GEOLOGY  :     Professor  Adams  ;  Mr.  Le-  Martin,  McKenzie,  McTaggart,  Nicolls, 

roy.  Orr,  Semple,  Shaw,  Webster. 


CANADA.  23 

TOBO>7TO,  Canada. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  AND  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE. 

The  University  of  Toronto,  founded  in  1827,  has  connected  with 
it  University  College  and  Victoria  University. 

Instruction  is  given  in  different  subjects  of  the  Arts  course  by 
the  Arts  Faculties  of  the  University  of  Toronto,  Victoria  Univer- 
sity and  University  College;  Latin,  Greek,  Ancient  History,  Eng- 
lish, French,  German,  Oriental  Literature  and  Ethics  are  taught 
by  the  latter  two  Faculties  and  the  remaining  subjects  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto.  Knox  College,  Wycliffe  College  and  St. 
Michael's  College  give  instruction  in  Theology  and  allied  subjects. 

All  courses,  examinations  and  degrees  are  open  to  women  on 
exactly  the  same  conditions  as  to  men. 

No  conditions  are  imposed  in  regard  to  residence ;  women  stu- 
dents are  under  the  supervision  of  a  lady  superintendent  whose 
directions  as  to  conduct  are  to  be  observed.  Comfortable  board 
and  lodging  may  be  had  from  $3  a  week. 

There  are  two  terms  in  the  year :  the  Michaelmas  term,  begin- 
ning October  ist  and  ending  December  22nd;  the  Easter  term, 
beginning  January  9th  and  ending  April  2ist. 

The  annual  fee  for  each  course  of  not  more  than  fifteen  hours  of 
lectures  is  $2.  The  fees  for  matriculation  are  $5  and  $15. 

There  are  numerous  scholarships  and  fellowships  varying  in  value 
from  $50  to  $500,  full  particulars  concerning  which  can  be  obtained 
from  the  calendar,  or  from  the  registrar. 

VICTORIA    UNIVERSITY. 

This  university,  founded  in  1830,  has  the  affiliated  Colleges, 
Albert  College,  Belleville ;  the  Wesleyan  Ladies'  College,  Hamil- 
ton;  the  Ontario  Ladies'  College,  Whitby;  Alma  College,  St. 
Thomas ;  and  Columbian  Methodist  College,  New  Westminster, 
B.  C. 

The  Faculty  of  Arts  in  Victoria  University  provides  instruction 
in  all  subjects  assigned  to  it  by  the  Federation  Act  of  University 
College  (see  above).  In  other  subjects  the  students  of  Victoria 


TORONTO. 


University  attend  the  lectures  and  use  the  laboratories  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto. 

The  general  fees  are  the  same  as  for  Toronto  University,  but  there 
are  additional  college  fees  of  from  $25  to  $30  a  year. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  :  Professors 
McCurdy,  McLaughlin  ;  Mr.  Muri- 
son. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bell,  Fletcher, 
Hutton,    Wallace  ;    Dr.    Johnston ; 
Messrs.  Carruthers,    Langford,    Mil- 
ner,  J.  C.  Robertson. 
ENGLISH:  Professors  Alexander,  Horn- 
ing, Reynar ;  Mr.  Keys. 
GERMAN  :  Professors  Horning,  Van  der 
Smissen ;    Drs.    Needier,    Toews ; 
Mr.  Lang. 

ROMANCE  :    Professors  W.  H.  Fraser, 
Fetch,  Squair  ;  Drs.  Edgar,  Toews  ; 
Messrs.  Cameron,  de  Champ,  Mas- 
son,  Sacco. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Hutton. 
PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Badgley,  Hume; 

Drs.  Kirschmann,  F.  Tracy. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :     Professors    Bur- 
wash,     Mavor,     Hon.     David    Mills, 
the     Hon.     Justice    Proudfoot ;    Mr 
Moore. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Bain,  Wrong. 

SCIENCE. 
MATHEMATICS  :     Professor  A.    Baker  ; 

Messrs,  de  Lury,  Rusk. 
PHYSICS  :      Professor    James    Loudon ; 


Messrs.    Chant,    W.  J.    Loudon,    Mc- 
Lennan. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Pike  ;  Drs.  Ellis, 

W.    L.    Miller,    Smale ;    Mr.    F.    15. 

Allan. 
MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY:  Professoi 

Coleman  ;  Mr.  W.  A.  Parks. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors  A.   B.    Macallum 

R.    Ramsay  Wright  ;    Messrs.    B.    A. 

Bensley,  R.  R.  Bensley,  E.  C.  Jeffrey. 
HYGIENE  :  Professor  Oldright. 

LAW. 

Professors  the  Hon.  David  Mills,  Hon. 
Justice  Proudfoot. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  H.  W.  Aikins,  Bruce,  Burn- 
ham,  Cameron,  J.  Caven,  W.  P.  Caven, 
Daniel  Clark,  Ellis,  Graham,  Heebner, 
A.  B.  MaCallum,  J.  M.  MacCallum,  Mc- 
Donagh,  McPhedran,  Ogden,  Peters, 
Primrose,  Reeve,  Ross,  Spencer,  Sweet- 
nam,  A.  H.  Wright ;  Drs.  Kendrick, 
Machell,  Spencer,  Thistle,  Winnett ; 
Messrs.  Amyot,  Bensley,  Boyd,  Dwyer, 
Goldie,  Gordon,  Hon.  David  Mills,  Mc- 
Collum,  Mcll wraith,  MacKenzie,  Rudolf, 
Small,  Starr,  Stenhouse. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Badgley,  J.  Burwash,  N. 
Burwash,  McLaughlin,  Reynar,  Wallace. 


TRINITY   UNIVERSITY. 

This  university,  founded  by  a  Royal  Charter  in  1852,  gives  in- 
struction and  confers  degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and 
Theology  (Church  of  England).  All  candidates  for  a  degree  must 
pass  the  matriculation  examination. 

Women  are  admitted  to  the  arts  course  on  the  same  conditions  as 
men ;  women  studying  medicine  attend  the  Woman's  Medical 
College. 

The  year  is  divided  into  three  terms,  the  Michaelmas  term  be- 
ginning on  October  3rd  and  ending  on  December  6th ;  the  Lent  term 


CANADA.  25 

beginning  on  January  izth  and  ending  on  March  26th;  the  Easter 
term  beginning  on  April  iSth  and  ending  on  June  25th.  The 
tuition  fee  for  each  term  is  $21.66,  and  is  paid  to  the  Bursar. 

Residence  in  the  college  buildings  is  not  compulsory,  but 
is  strongly  recommended.  The  hall  of  residence  for  women  is  St. 
Hilda's  College.  The  fees  for  board  are  $70  per  term,  with  an 
entrance  fee  of  $12.  Occasional  students  are  admitted  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Lady  Principal  to  take  partial  courses  in  one  or  more 
subjects.  For  further  information  apply  to  MRS.  RIGBY,  337  Shaw 

Street,  Toronto. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  SCIENCE. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :       Professor  MATHEMATICS  :     Professor  M.  A.  Mac- 

Huntingford ;  Mr.  W.  H.  White.  Kenzie. 

MODERN  :     Mr.  A.  H.  Young.  SCIENCE  :     Messrs.  Montgomery,  Simp- 

PHILOLOGY  :     Mr.  A.  H.  Young.  son- 

PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor  W.  Clark.  THEOLOGY. 

HISTORY  :     Professor  Rigby.  Professors  Cayley,  Welch  ;  Mr.  Bed- 

ELOCUTION:     Mr.  H.  N.  Shaw.  ford- Jones. 

WOMAN'S    MEDICAL   COLLEGE. 

This  college,  founded  in  1883,  was  affiliated  with  the  University 
of  Toronto  in  1890. 

It  gives  instruction  in  all  the  subjects  required  by  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Ontario  for  admission  to  a  license  to 
practice,  and  also  in  all  the  subjects  required  for  examination  by 
the  faculty  of  Medicine  of  the  University  of  Toronto. 

The  recently  erected  building  is  situated  in  Sumach  Street,  To- 
ronto. 

St.  Hilda's  College  is  a  hall  of  residence  for  women  students ; 
see  above. 

For  full  particulars  see  the  annual  announcement  of  the  college, 
to  be  obtained  from  the  dean,  DR.  R.  B.  NEVITT. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  hart ;  Lecturers,  Drs.  Bryans,  Creasor, 
Professors  Susanna  Boyle,  Chambers,  J.  Gray,  McKenzie,  Parsons ;  Misses 
Cleland,  Duncan,  Eadie,  Gullen,  J.  Mac-  Curzon,  L.  A.  Davis,  Lynd  ;  Messrs. 
Callum,  Machell,  McMahon,  Nevitt,  Cane,  Cleland,  Dwyer,  C.  B.  Shuttle- 
Powell,  Pyne,  J.  F.  W.  Ross,  G.  B.  worth,  E.  B.  Shuttleworth,  Stenhouse. 
Smith,  Sweetnam,  Thistle,  Tyrell,  Wis- 


26  WINNIPEG 

WINNIPEG,  Manitoba. 
THE    UNIVERSITY    OF   MANITOBA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1877,  is  the  only  body  having  power 
to  confer  degrees  in  Arts,  Law  and  Medicine  in  the  Province  of 
Manitoba.  It  is  an  examining  body,  the  educational  work  being 
carried  on  in  the  affiliated  colleges,  St.  Boniface  College,  St. 
John's  College,  Manitoba  College,  Wesley  College  and  the  Mani- 
toba Medical  College.  All  the  courses  are  open  to  women  on  the 
same  conditions  as  to  men. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  registrar,  Mr.  I. 
PITBLADO,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba. 


FINLAND.  27 

FINLAND. 

HELSINGFORS,  Finland. 

KEJSERLIGA  ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITETET  I  FINLAND. 

This  university,  founded  in  1640,  resembles  the  Swedish  univer- 
sities in  constitution  and  consists  of  the  four  faculties  of  Philosophy 
(Arts  and  Science)  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology. 

Men  students,  in  order  to  be  admitted,  must  have  obtained  the 
Abgangszeugniss  of  a  gymnasium  or  a  lyceum,  but  although  the 
gymnasia  are  attended  by  both  sexes,  women  who  wish  to  enter 
the  university  in  any  faculty  except  that  of  medicine  must  obtain 
special  permission  from  the  Chancellor.  At  present,  over  200 
women  are  studying  in  the  university.  The  recent  action  of 
Russia  in  regard  to  Finland  may  to  some  extent  affect  the  position 
of  women  in  the  university. 

In  the  Philosophical  Faculty  the  four  degrees  of  Candidate, 
Master,  Licentiate  and  Doctor  are  conferred ;  in  the  other  faculties 
only  three,  the  Candidate,  Licentiate  and  Doctor.  Before  entering 
for  degrees  in  Law,  Medicine  or  Theology  the  student  must  have 
passed  the  examination  for  the  degree  of  Candidate  in  Philosophy. 
For  the  degree  of  Licentiate  in  Law,  Medicine  or  Theology,  two 
years'  practice  is  required.  The  degree  of  M.A.  was  conferred  on 
a  woman  for  the  first  time  in  1882. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  the  middle  of  September.  Many 
of  the  lectures  are  free,  for  others  a  fee  of  12  francs  ($2.40)  is 
charged.  The  fees  for  examinations  vary  from  12  francs  ($2.40) 
to  200  francs  ($40). 

For  further  information  see  the  Programme,  Kataloge,  Fin- 
lands  Statskalender,  Handbuch  des  Finnlandischen  Frauen- 
vereins  ;  also  statistics  concerning  the  higher  education  and  public 
position  of  women  in  Finland  published  by  Professor  Dr.  Seiling, 
of  the  Polytechnic  Institute  (Polytekntska  Institute?))  Helsingfors. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  CLASSICAL  :  Professor  Heikel. 

LANGUAGES.  —  ORIENTAL  :       Professor          ENGLISH  :  Reader  Florell. 

;  Docent  Tallqvist.  FINNISH,  SWEDISH  :  Professors  Freu- 


HELSINGFORS. 


denthal,    Genetz,     Setala ;    Docents 

Krohn,  Paasonen,    Vendell,    Wich- 

mann  ;  Readers  Bergroth,  Cajander. 

RUSSIAN,  SLAVONIC  :  Professors  Man- 

delstam;    Docent  Mikkola;   Readers 

Almberg,  Brotherus. 

GERMANIC  :    Docents   Karsten,    Lind- 

elof ;  Readers  Godenhjelm,  Ohqvist. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Gustafsson,  So- 

derhjelm ;      Docent     Wallenskold ; 

Reader  Kalm. 

SANSCRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOL- 
OGY :  Professor  Dormer;  Docent  Reu- 
ter. 

PHONETICS  :  Docent  Pipping. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Rein,  Tudeer ; 

Docent  A.  Grotenfelt. 
HISTORY  :    Professors    Danielson,    Pal- 
men,  Schybergson  ;  Docents  v.    Bons- 
dorff,    Crohns,    K.    Grotenfelt,    Snell- 
man. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Docenls  Tallqvist, 

Westermarck. 

MODERN  LITERATURE  AND  ^ESTHETICS  : 
Professors    Aspelin,    Estlander,    Tik- 
kanen  ;  Docents  Donner,  Hirn. 
ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Docent  Nordstrom. 
PEDAGOGY:     Professor    Ruin;     Docent 
Johnsson. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Donner,  Neovius ;  Docents  Le- 


vanen,  Lindelof,  Stenberg,    Tallqvist. 
PHYSICS  :  Professors  Lemstrom,  Sundell; 

Docents  Homen,  Melander. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Aschan,  Hjelt ; 

Docents  Komppa,  af  Schulten. 
MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

;  Docent  Ramsay. 

ZOOLOGY  :    Professors   Palmen,    Reuter, 

Sahlberg;    Docents   Levander,    E.    F. 

Reuter. 
BOTANY:   Professors  Elfving,    Kihlman, 

Norrlin ;  Docent  Wainio. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Docent  Hull. 


Professors  Chydenius,  Forsman,  Her- 
manson,  Lang,  Stahlberg,  Wrede ; 
Docent  Charpentier  ;  Reader  Fav£n. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Asp,  Engstrom,  Hallsten, 
Heinricius,  Holsti,  Homen,  Pipping, 
Runeberg,  v.  Schulten,  Sundvik,  Wahl- 
fors ;  Docents  v.  Bonsdorff,  Clopatt,  af 
Forselles,  Growroos,  Hagelstam,  Houg- 
berg,  Kolster,  Krogius,  Lundstrom, 
Moller,  Nordman,  Schauraan,  Sibellius, 
Sievers,  Torngren. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Appelberg,  Johansson,  Ro- 
senqvist,  Stenij,  Totterman. 


DENMARK.  29. 

DENMARK. 

COPENHAGEN,  Denmark. 

KJOBENHAVNS    UNIVERSITET. 

There  is  one  university  in  Denmark,  that  of  Copenhagen,  Kjo- 
benhavns  Universitet,  founded  in  1478.  It  comprises  the  five  Facul- 
ties of  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology;  the  Faculty 
of  Theology  confers  the  degrees  of  Doctor  and  Licentiate,  the 
other  Faculties  that  of  Doctor  only. 

Women  have  been  admitted  on  the  same  conditions  as  men  since 
1875,  and  may  take  examinations  and  degrees  in  all  the  Faculties 
except  that  of  Theology,  in  which  there  is  a  special  examination 
for  women. 

The  conditions  for  entrance  are  that  the  candidate  must  have 
passed  the  matriculation  examination  of  a  lyceum,  or  of  a  private 
school  having  the  same  privileges ;  certain  other  examinations  qual- 
ify for  entrance  provided  that  a  supplementary  examination  be 
taken.  Before  taking  the  special  examinations  of  any  Faculty  the 
student  must  have  attended  a  preparatory  course  in  philosophy 
for  two  semesters. 

There  are  two  semesters,  the  first  beginning  February  ist  and 
ending  June  9th;  the  second  beginning  September  ist  and  ending 
December  22nd. 

There  are  no  fees  for  lectures ;  the  matriculation  fee  is  22  Kr. 
($5.94)  ;  the  fee  for  the  Doctor's  degree  is  160  Kr.  ($43.20).  Schol- 
arships founded  before  1875  are  not  open  to  women. 

Further  information  may  be  found  in  the  Apergu  sur  V  Organi- 
sation de  V  Universite  de  Copenhague,  or  obtained  on  applica- 
tion to  the  rector. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  ENGLISH  :  Professor  Jespersen;  Decent 

LANGUAGES.— -SEMITIC  :  Professor  Buhl-,  Hansen. 

Docent  Ostrup.  GERMANIC  (Norse,  Slavonic):  Profes- 

INDO-IRANIAN  :   Professor  Fausboll.  sort   Gudmundsson,  Johnsson,  Mol- 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Gertz,  Heiberg;  ler,  Paludan,  Verner,  Wimmer ;  Do- 

Docents  Drachmann,  Siesbye.  cent  Olrik. 


COPENHAGEN, 


ROMANCE :  Professor  Nyrop. 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor 
Thomsen. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY  :  Pro- 
fessors Hoffding,  Kroman,  Wilkens  ; 
Decent  Lehmann. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Erslev,  Holm, 
Steenstrup ;  Decent  Gudmundsson. 

ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY:  Professors 
Lange,  Paludan,  Schmidt,  J.  L.  Us- 
sing. 

HISTORY  OF  LITERATURE  :  Dr.  Vedl. 
SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Petersen,  Thiele,  Zeuthen. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Christiansen. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Jorgensen,  Thom- 
sen ;  Docent  E.  Petersen. 

MINERALOGY  :    Professor  N.  V.  Ussing. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professor  Liitken ;  Docents 
Bergh,  Jungersen,  Levinson,  Meinert. 

BOTANY  :  Professors  Pedersen,  Warming; 
Docent  Rosenvinge. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Loffler. 


LAW   AND    POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Bentzon,  Deuntzer,  Han- 
sen,  Lassen,  Matzen,  Scharling,  Torp, 
Westergaard. 


MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bjerrum,  Bloch,  Bohr,  Chie- 
vitz,  Faber,  Gaedeken,  Gram,  Grut,  Has- 
lund,  Hirschsprung,  Lange,  Meyer,  J.  J. 
Petersen,  Plum,  Pontoppidan,  Reisz,  Sal- 
omonsen,  Saxtorph,  Sorensen,  Stadfeldt, 
Studsgaard,  With ;  Docents  Brunniche, 
Floystrup,  Friedenreich,  Holm,  Mygge, 
Nielsen,  Rosenthal,  Tscherning,  \Van- 
scher. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Jacobsen,  Madsen,  Nielsen, 
Petersen,  Scharling ;  Instructors  Paulli, 
Schepelern. 

MUSIC. 

Instructors  Bielefeldt,  Hammerich. 


FRANCE.  31 


FRANCE. 

Higher  education  in  France  is  almost  entirely  under  the 
control  of  the  State.  All  that  remained,  up  to  1896,  of  the 
old  universities  was  certain  distinct  Faculties,  Faculties  of 
Arts  (Lettrcs) ,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Protestant  The- 
ology, both  teaching  and  examining  bodies ;  these  were 
united  into  the  University  of  France. 

By  a  law  passed  in  1896  these  corps  de  Facultes  were  re- 
constituted into  smaller  universities  under  the  control  of  sepa- 
rate councils,  the  conseih  de  Vuniversite,  formed  of  prof essors 
chosen  from  each  Faculty  constituting  the  University,  and 
in  1898  they  were  allowed  to  use  for  their  own  maintenance 
a  portion  of  the  fees  paid  them. 

There  are  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science  at  Besanc.on,  Bordeaux,  Caen,  Clermont,  Dijon,  Gren- 
oble, Lille,  Lyons,  Montpellier,  Nancy,  Paris,  Poitiers,  Rennes  and  Toulouse;  a  Faculty  of  Arts  at 
Aix  and  a  Faculty  of  Science  at  Marseilles;  Faculties  of  Law  at  Aix,  Bordeaux,  Caen,  Dijon,  Gren- 
oble, Lille,  Lyons,  Montpellier,  Nancy,  Paris,  Poitiers,  Rennes  and  Toulouse ;  Faculties  of  Medi- 
cine at  Bordeaux,  Lille,  Lyons,  Montpellier,  Nancy,  Paris  and  Toulouse;  and  Faculties  of  Theology 
(Protestant)  at  Montauban  and  Paris. 

In  addition  to  these  there  are  certain  ecoles  superieures, 
corresponding  in  some  respects  to  American  or  English  col- 
leges the  most  important  of  which  are  mentioned  below  (pp. 
38-45).  These  are  all  controlled  by  the  Ministre  de  r In- 
struction publique.  The  facultes  libres  at  Angers,  Lille, 
Lyons,  Marseilles,  Paris,  and  Toulouse  and  the  ecoles  libres 
at  Lille,  Nantes  and  Paris  are  more  independent  institutions. 

All  the  courses  in  all  these  Faculties  and  schools,  with  the 
exception  of  the  cours  fernies,  the  conferences  and  the  prac- 
tical work  are  public,  and  open  free  of  charge  to  persons  of 
either  sex  as  hearers  (auditeurs). 

Permission  to  attend  the  cours  fermes,  the  conferences  and 
the  practical  work  is  now  granted  to  matriculated  students 
only,  and  in  order  to  matriculate,  candidates,  whether  men  or 


32  FRANCE. 

women,  must  present  a  diplome  de  Venseignement  secondaire, 
or,  if  foreigners,  an  equivalent  diploma,  and  must  pay  a  ma- 
triculation fee  of  20  frs.  ($4)  and  a  library  fee  of  10  frs.  ($2). 
Women  may  become  registered  students  (inscrites},  i.  e., 
candidates  for  degrees,  on  the  same  conditions  as  men,  that 
is,  they  must  be  bacheliers  *  de  r enseignement  secondaire, 
either  classique  or  modcrne,  depending  on  the  Faculty  in 
which  they  wish  to  graduate ;  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Sci- 
ence (see  p.  34),  and  Medicine  the  bachelor's  degree  of  a 
foreign  university  in  general  qualifies  for  registration.  The 
Faculty  in  which  the  student  wishes  to  register  enquires  into 
the  degree  held  by  the  student,  and  if  the  degree  is  accepted 
as  equivalent,  the  student  is  allowed  to  register  on  payment 
of  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  that  would  have  been  paid  in 
fees,  if  the  student  had  obtained  the  degree  from  the  French 
Faculty.  The  application  for  a  dispensation  from  the  French 
baccalaureat  must  be  addressed  to  the  Ministre  de  V Instruction 
•publique  and  must  be  accompanied  by  the  original  diplomas  and 
certificate  of  birth  of  the  applicant,  together  with  their  trans- 
lations into  French  made  by  an  official  translator.  The  dis- 
pensation, if  obtained,  costs  120  frs.  ($24).  All  registered 
students  must  pay  a  fee  of  30  frs.  C$6)  quarterly  ;  if  at  Paris, 
to  the  receveur  des  droits  universitaires,  quai  des  Grands- 
Augustins,  25  ;  if  in  the  provinces,  to  a  receiver  appointed 
by  the  Faculty.  They  must  at  the  same  time  present  to  this 
official  a  bulletin  de  versement  obtained  from  the  secretary  of 
the  Faculty  or  School  they  attend. 

*The  baccalaureat  de  I' enseignement  classique  is  a  preliminary  diploma  given  on  the  result  of 
an  examination,  partly  oral  and  partly  written,  in  Latin,  Greek,  French,  either  English  or  German, 
history,  physics,  chemistry  and  biology,  geography  and  elementary  mathematics,  and  a  further  ex- 
amination in  either  philosophy  or  elementary  mathematics.  The  baccalaureat  de  I' enseignement 
moderne  is  given  on  a  similar  examination  in  which  modern  languages  are  substituted  for  Greek  and 
Latin.  The  examinations  are  preliminary  to  the  work  in  the  Faculty  and  are  held  by  the  professors  of 
the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science  for  candidates  leaving  the  secondary  schools.  These  two  diplo- 
mas have  been  recently  established  and  take  the  place  of  the  baccalaureat  es  lettres  and  the  bacca- 
laurtat  es  sciences. 


FRANCE. 


33 


Each  state  Faculty  confers,  in  its  own  subject,  the  state 
degrees  of  licencie  and  docteur.  These  degrees  give  cer- 
tain privileges  in  the  way  of  practising  professions  and 
are  awarded  to  candidates  who  have  studied  for  a  pre- 
scribed time  and  passed  a  series  of  examinations.  They  are 
seldom  obtained  by  foreigners  who  are  usually  unwilling  to 
spend  the  time  necessary  to  obtain  them.  The  facultes  libres 
and  ecoles  libres  give  instruction  but  have  no  power  to  confer 
degrees.  The  regulations  for  degrees  differ  greatly  in  the 
different  Faculties.  In  Arts  and  Science  the  licence Js  given 
one  year  after  the  baccalaureal  and  the  doctoral  as  soon 
after  the  licence  as  the  candidate  has  written  and  is  prepared 
to  sustain  two  theses. 

Attestations  d*  etudes  superieures  or  certificats  d'  etudes  are 
given  by  certain  of  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science  to  hear- 
ers who  have  attended  the  courses  regularly.  In  the  pro- 
vinces no  requirement  is  made  as  to  age,  sex,  nationality,, 
etc.,  but  in  Paris  the  hearer,  in  order  to  be  eligible  for  this 
certificate,  must  hold  the  degree  of  bachelier  es  lettres  or  an 
equivalent  degree. 

The  diplome  d ''etudes  superieures  d^histoire  et  de geographic 
of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  of  the  Normal  School  is  open  without 
any  restrictions  as  to  age,  sex,  degree,  or  nationality. 

The  new  law  passed  in  1897  gave  the  conseils  de  Vuni- 
versite  power  to  grant  titres  d'ordre  exclusivement  scien- 
tifique.  These  are  distinguished  from  degrees  in  being  merely 
titles  granting  no  rights  or  privileges  to  the  holders.  The 
first  of  these  to  be  organised  is  the  doctorat  de  T  Univer- 
site  de  Par  is ,  instituted  in  1897-98.  In  the  Faculty  of 
Letters  candidates  for  this  degree  must  hold,  if  French- 
men, the  degree  of  licencie  es  lettres  or,  if  foreigners,  certi- 
ficates showing  an  equal  amount  of  preparation ;  they  must 
study  at  least  four  semesters,  either  in  a  French  or  a  for- 


34  FRANCE. 

eign  university,  or  in  one  of  the  scientific  institutions  in 
Paris ;  they  must  pass  an  examination  on  subjects  agreed 
upon  by  the  Faculty  and  defend  a  thesis  written  in  French 
or  Latin.  In  the  Faculty  of  Science  applicants  must  pro- 
duce certificates  of  advanced  work  in  two  out  of  seventeen 
scientific  subjects,  must  study  for  one  year  and  must  pass  an 
examination  and  defend  a  thesis.  In  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine the  degree  is  conferred  on  foreign  students  who  have 
been  allowed  to  study  and  to  take  the  ordinary  examinations 
without  having  first  obtained  the  degree  of  bachelier.  The 
degree  is  also  given  in  Pharmacy. 

The  examinations  in  the  Faculty  of  Science  have  recently 
been  reorganised  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  greater  facilities  to 
foreign  students.  In  addition  to  being  free  to  offer  an  equiv- 
alent for  the  French  baccalaureat  degree,  the  student  is  now 
allowed  to  select  the  subjects  in  which  he  desires  to  be  ex- 
amined. He  may  take  his  examinations  either  simultane- 
ously or  in  succession,  and  obtain  for  each  a  certificat  d' 
etude.  Three  such  certificates  may  be  exchanged  for  the 
diplome  de  licencie.  This  gives  the  student  liberty  to  travel 
from  one  university  to  another  and  present  himself  for  exami- 
nation when  he  wishes. 

Though  not  quite  all  the  medical  courses  are  open  to  women 
it  is  not  difficult  for  women  doctors  of  medicine  to  obtain  ad- 
mittance to  the  different  hospitals,  of  which  there  are  24  in 
Paris  alone  with  accommodation  for  upwards  of  17,000 
patients. 

University  libraries  are  open  to  students  on  presentation  of 
their  student's  card  and  to  all  persons  authorised  by  the  rec- 
tor. The  reading  room  of  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  Paris, 
is  open  to  all  persons  over  16  years  of  age.  To  obtain  ad- 
mission to  the  salle  de  travail  for  the  study  of  manuscripts,  a 
special  card  of  admittance  from  the  administrator  general  is 


FRANCE.  35 

required.  Foreigners  applying  for  this  card  should  present  a 
recommendation  from  their  ambassador. 

All  courses  open  in  the  beginning  of  November  and  con- 
tinue nominally  for  eight  or  nine  months,  in  general  actually 
for  only  six  or  seven. 

Hearers  pay  no  fees,  registered  students  pay  30  frs.  ($6) 
quarterly.  The  library  fee  is  10  frs.  ($2)  yearly. 

Scholarships  (bourses)  are  as  a  rule  not  open  to  foreigners. 
The  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants  Etrangers  de  Paris 
has,  however,  some  scholarships  of  200  frs.  ($40),  and  350 
frs.  ($70),  to  offer  to  specially  recommended  students,  the 
whole  sum  to  be  devoted  to  the  payment  of  fees. 

NOTE. — English-speaking  women  who  wish  to  reduce  their  expenses  while  studying  in  France 
may  apply  to  be  admitted  as  assistant  teachers  of  foreign  languages  in  one  of  the  numerous  training 
colleges  for  primary  teachers.  These  teachers  are  required  to  give  to  the  students  (girls  of  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  years  of  age),  and  to  any  of  the  teachers  who  may  desire  it,  practical  instruction 
in  English  and  practice  in  English  conversation  for  an  hour  and  a  half  or  two  hours  daily.  For  the 
rest  of  the  time  they  are  free  to  study  privately,  to  attend  lectures  or  employ  themselves  as  they 
think  fit.  They  pay  into  (the  college  funds  the  sum  of  400  francs,  ($80)  and  for  this  have  a  room, 
light,  firing  and  board  in  the  College  for  the  college  year,  October  ist  to  July  3151,  holidays 
included.  Candidates  for  these  posts  should  fill  out  a  form  of  application,  to  be  obtained  from 
M.  le  Ministte  de  I'  Instruction  publique,  Direction  de  I'  Enseignement  primaire,  6«  bureau, 
Paris,  and  return  it  to  him  filled  up,  together  with  copies  of  certificates,  etc.  It  is  advisable  to  have 
these  testified  to  by  one  of  the  American  members  of  the  Comite  Franco-Americain. 

President  J    B.  ANGELL,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

President  TIMOTHY  DWIGHT,  Yale  University,  New  Haven. 

President  CHARLES  W.  ELIOT,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge. 

President  D.  C.  OILMAN,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore. 

Mr.  G.  BROWN  GOODE,  Assistant  Secretary  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Washington  (Secretary). 

Professor  E.  R.  L.  GOULD,  Secretary,  International  Statistical  Institute,  Chicago. 

President  G.  STANLEY  HALL,  Clark  University,  Worcester. 

Mr.  W.  T.  HARRIS,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education,  Washington. 

Mr.  S.  P.  LANGLEY,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington. 

President  SETH  Low,  Columbia  College,  New  York. 

Professor  SIMON  NEWCOMB,  U.  S.  N.,  Superintendent  Nautical  Almanac,  Washington  (Presi- 
dent). 

President  J.  C.  SCHURMAN,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Hon.  ANDREW  D.  WHITE,  former  U.  S.  Minister  to  Germany,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

President  B.  L.  WHITMAN,  Columbian  University,  Washington. 

Mr.  CARROLL  D.  WRIGHT,  Commissioner  of  Labor,  Washington. 

Students  from  American  universities  or  colleges  going  to  study  in  France  are  allowed  a  reduction  of 
30  per  cent,  on  the  rates  of  the  steamers  of  the  Compagnie  generate  Transatlantique.  This  reduction  is 
not  allowed  to  first  class  passengers,  and  can  be  obtained  only  by  application  to  M.  Paul  Melon 
Secretary  of  the  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants  Etrangers  at  the  Sorbonne. 


36  PARIS. 

Further  information  is  to  be  found  in  the  Annuaire  de  la 
Jeunesse  by  H.  Vuibert  (Nony  et  Cie,  rue  des  Ecoles,  17, 
Paris),  price  4  frs.  ($.80)  ;  in  the  Annuaire  de  V Instruction 
Publique  (Delalain  freres,  rue  des  Ecoles,  56,  Paris)  price 
5  frs.  ($i),  and  in  Le  Livret  de  r  Etudiant  de  Paris  (pub- 
lished by  Delalain  freres),  price  n  frs.  ($2.20). 

An  amount  of  interesting  and  valuable  information  is  given 
in  JL1  Enseignement  superteur  et  T Enseignement  technique  en 
France,  by  M.  Paul  Melon  (Librairie  Classique  Armand 
Colin  et  Cie,  Paris,  1893). 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  Comite  de  Patronage 
des  Etudiants  Etr  anger s^  Bureaux  a  la  Sorbonne,  rue  de  la 
Sorbonne,  15,  Paris.  This  association,  which  has  branches  at 
Aix,  Bordeaux,  Lyons,  Montpellier,  Nancy  and  Toulouse, 
in  addition  to  giving  advice  and  help  to  individual  students, 
devotes  itself  to  furthering  the  interests  of  foreign  students 
as  a  body.  In  Paris,  Aix  and  one  or  two  other  places  it  has 
been  instrumental  in  establishing  courses  in  the  French  lan- 
guage especially  for  foreigners.  Some  of  these  are  summer 
courses. 

PARIS,  France. 
UNIVERSITE    DE   PARIS. 

The  old  University  of  Paris,  founded  in  the  Middle  Ages,  sur- 
vived till  1896,  in  the  form  of  the  separate  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Protestant  Theology,  and  these  have 
now  been  reconstituted  into  the  University  of  Paris.  All  particu- 
lars in  regard  to  these  have  been  given  above  (pp.  31-36). 

FACULTE    DES    LETTRES. 
The  Sorbonne,  Paris. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors  MM.    Em.  Chatelain,  Edet,  Hau- 

Aug.    Cartault,    Chatelain,    Croiset,  vette,  Lafaye,  Puech. 

Decharme,    Goelzer,    J.     Martha ;  ENGLISH  :  MM.  Baret,  Al.  Beljame. 


FRANCE. 


37 


GERMANIC  :  Professor  Lichtenberger  ; 
M.  Lange. 

ROMANCE:  Professors  Crousl6,Gebhart, 

Lenient,   Mezieres,    Petit   de  Julle- 

ville ;  MM.  Dejob,  Faguet,  Gazier, 

Larroumet,  Lichtenberger,  Thomas. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Henry  ;  MM.  Brunot,  Havet. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Boutroux,  Bro- 

chard,  P.  Janet ;  MM.  Egger,  Seailles- 

Ransan. 


SOCIOLOGY  :  Professors  Espinas,  Michel. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Aulard,  Bouche- 
Leclercq,  Lavisse,  Luchaire,  Ram- 
baud  ;  MM.  Denis,  Grebaut,  Guiraud, 
Langlois,  Seignobos,  Zeller. 

ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Per- 
rot ;  MM.  Collignon,  Lemonnier. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Dubois,  Himly, 
Marcel  ;  M.  Gallois. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Buisson. 


FACULTE   DBS    SCIENCES. 

The  Sorbonne,  Paris. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Darboux,  Goursat,  Hadamard, 
Hermite,  Picard,  H.  Poincare,  Wolf; 
MM.  Andoyer,  Blutel,  Koenigs,  Pui- 
seux,  Raffy. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Appell,  Behal, 
Boussinesq,  Bouty ;  MM.  Alph. 
Combes,  Paul  Janet,  Jannettaz,  Joly, 
Krouchkoll,  Leduc,  Matignon,  Pellat, 
L.  Perrin,  Poincare,  Puiseux,  Riban, 
Robin. 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professors  Auger,    Ditte, 


Friedel,  Troost :  MM.  Chabrie,  Etaix, 
Freundler,  Joannis,  Pochard,  Riban. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professors  Hautefeuille, 
Jannetaz. 

GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor 
Munier-Chalmas ;  MM.  Bertrand, 
Kaug,  Velain. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Bonnier,  Dastre, 
Delage,  Duclaux,  Giard,  de  Lacaze- 
Duthiers ;  MM.  Chatin,  Chauveaud, 
Daguillon,  Fischer,  Matruchot,  Perrier, 
Velain. 


FACULTE   DE    DROIT. 
Place  du  Pantheon,  Paris. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

Garsonnet,    Gerardin,    Girard,    Glasson, 
Professors  Alglave,  Beauregard,    Ber-       Jobbe-Duval,  Lain6,  Larnaude,  Lefebvre, 
thelemy,    Boistel,    Cauw£s,     Chavegrin,       Le  Poittevin,  Lyon-Caen,  Massigli,  Le*on 
Colmet   de    Santerre,   Cuq,    Deschamps,       Michel,  Planiol,  Renault,  Saleilles,  Thal- 
Ducrocq,     Esmein,     Estoublon,    Faure,       ler,  Weiss ;  MM.  Chenon,  Jay,  Leseur. 


FACULTE    DE    MEDECINE. 
Place  de  l'Ecole-de-Medecine,  Paris. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


MEDICINE. 


Hayem,  Hutinel,  Jaccoud,  Joffroy,  La- 
ProfessorsP.  Berger,Blanchard,  Bouch-  boulbene,  Landouzy,  Lannelongue,  Le 
ard,  Brouardel,  Chantemesse,  Cornil,  Dentu,  Pajot,  Panas,  Pinard,  Potain, 
Debove,  Dieulafoy,  Duplay,  Mathias  Pouchet,  Proust,  Raymond,  Richet,  Sap- 
Duval,  Farabeuf,  Alf.  Fournier,  Gariel,  pey,  Terrier,  Tillaux ;  MM.  Ach- 
Armand  Gautier,  Grancher,  Guyon,  ard,  Albarran,  Andre,  Auvray,  Bar, 


38  PARIS. 

Baraduc,  Bellan,  Benoit,  Bernard,  Bon-  Luys,  Malbec,  Marfan,  Marie,    Marion, 

naire,  Bougl6,  Bourges,  Bousquet,  Brault,  Martin  Diirr,  Mauclaire,  Maugery,  Mene- 

Brin,    Broca,    Camus,    Castex,    Charrin,  trier,    Mergier,    Morau,    Morin,    Mulon, 

Chassevant,  Chatellier,  Courtillier,  Critz-  Nelaton,  Netter,  Ombredanne,   Pasteau, 

man,   Cuneo,  Delahousse,    Delbet,   Paul  Perret,   Poirier,  Potier,    Proust,  Rabaut, 

Delbet,    Deschamps,    Dujarier,    Fredet,  Remy,  Retterer,  Reynaud,  Ricard,  Riche, 

Gaudier,  Gilbert,  Gilles  de  la  Tourette,  Roger,    Sandoz,     Savariaud,     Sebileau, 

Glantenay,  Gley,   Gosset,  Guiart,  Guibe,  Therese,       Thiery,      Thoinot,      Tuffier, 

Hanriot,  Hartmann,  Hubert,  Herbet,  Ju-  Varnier,  Veau,  Vincent,  Walther,  Weber, 

nien-Lavillauroy,  Laborde,  Launois,  Le-  Weil,  Weiss,  Widal,  Wurtz. 
clerc,  LeFur,  Legry,  Leh,  Lejars,  Letulle, 

FACULTE   DE   THEOLOGIE   PROTESTANTE. 
Boulevard   Arago,  83,  Paris. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

THEOLOGY.  Reville,  Sabatier,  Stapfer,  Vaucher;  M. 

Professors  Allier,  Bonet-Maury,    Ehr-       Berger. 
hardt,    Lods,   Massebieau,    Menegoz,   J. 

FACULTES    LIBRES    DE   PARIS. 

Rue  de  Vaugirard,  74,  Paris. 

These  are  Catholic  institutions  giving  instruction  similar  to  that 
given  by  the  state  Faculties,  but  without  the  power  to  confer  de- 
grees. Students  who  obtain  their  instruction  from  the  Facultes 
libres  are  examined  by  and  obtain  degrees  from  the  state  Faculties. 
The  general  regulations,  fees,  etc.,  are  the  same  as  for  the  state 
Faculties.  (See  pp.  31—36.)  Women,  however,  are  not  admitted 
to  the  courses,  but  special  courses  for  women  have  lately  been  ar- 
ranged in  connection  with  the  Facultes  libres. 

The  secretary  is  M.JOSEPH  CHOBERT,  rue  de  Vaugirard,  74,  Paris. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

THEOLOGY.  gent,  Pisani,  Vigouroux. 

SEMITIC  LANGUAGES  :  Professor  Graffin.  LAw  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

PHILOSOPHY  :   Professors    Bulliot     Peil-  Professors  G.  Alix,  Bureau,  Cauviere, 

laube.  Ch.     Chobert,    Clotet,     Corret,    Guyot, 

THEOLOGY  :   Professors  Auriault,  de   la  jamet>  de  Lamarzelle,  Larcher,  Laurent, 

Barre,    Baudrillart,   Boudinhon,   Cler-  Lescoeur,  Merveilleux  du  Vignaux,  Tau- 

val,   Fillion,  Gasparri,  Gaudeau,  Lar-  diere   Terrat. 

ECOLE   LIBRE   DE   HAUTES    ETUDES    LITTERAIRES    ET 

SCIENTIFIQUES. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  SEMITIC  :  Professor  le  baron  Carra  de 

LANGUAGES. — CHINESE  :   Professor  Paul  Vaux. 

Antonini.  CLVS^CAL:   P    rofessors  Bertrin,  Beur- 


FRANCE.  39 

lier,    Boxler,  Bousquet,  Le  Chatel-  fessors  D'Esclaibes,  Nau  ;  MM.  Chai- 

lier,  Lejay,  Ragon.  Ian,  Fouet. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Bertrin,  Le  Bi-  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Branly. 

dois,  Jacquet,  Klein,  Rousselot.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Hamonet. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Piat.  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

HISTORY:  Professors  Baudrillart,Digard.  de  Lapparent. 

SC/EMCF  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professors  de  Lapparent, 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  Pisani. 

ALLIANCE    FRANCHISE. 
Siege  Social,  rue  de  Grenelle,  45,  Paris. 

The  Alliance  Frar^aise,  a  national  association  for  the  propagation 
of  the  French  language  in  the  colonies  and  abroad,  decided  in  1893 
to  organise  summer  courses  to  be  held  at  Paris  in  the  months  of  July 
and  August  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  foreigners  to  obtain  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  French  language.  Diplomas  are  granted  to  the  suc- 
cessful students;  the  advanced  diploma  certifies  that  the  student  is 
able  to  teach  French.  The  courses  are  open  without  any  distinc- 
tion of  age,  sex  or  nationality. 

The  lectures  are  divided  into  two  series,  one  lasting  from  July 
ist  to  August  ist,  the  second  from  August  ist  to  September  ist. 

Admission  to  the  lectures  is  i  franc  (20  cents)  each  lecture; 
admission  to  the  conferences,  held  in  the  evening,  is  50  centimes  (10 
cents).  A  ticket  admitting  to  the  complete  course  of  about  160 
lectures  and  24  conferences  is  150  francs  ($30). 

The  courses  are  held  in  the  Ecole  Coloniale,  Avenue  de  1'Obser- 
vatoire,  pres  le  Petit-Luxembourg,  and  at  the  College  de  France. 

Professors  for  1898. 

FRENCH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE  :       CONFERENCES  :  Professors  Blin.  Gobron, 
Professors   Berr,  Brunot,  Carl,    Cirot,  Guy,  Huguet,  Martin,  Minel,  Peyraffite, 

Clement,  Debidour,  Doumic,  Huguet,  Tridon,    Turman     Vermeulen,    Mile. 

Jacquinet,     Raguet,    Rousselot,    Roy,  Dequin  and  others. 

Texte,  Thalamas,  Zund-Burguet. 

COLLEGE    DE   FRANCE. 
Place  du  College  de  France,  i,  Paris. 

This  college,  open  to  women  since  its  foundation  in  1518—45, 
gives  instruction  in  Arts,  Science  and  Medicine,  but  confers  no 
degrees.  Students  desiring  certificates  of  attendance  should  register 
their  courses. 


40  PARIS. 

The  first  semester  begins  on  the  first  Monday  in  December ;  the 
second  semester  begins  in  the  week  after  Easter  and  ends  between 
the  2oth  and  3oth  of  July. 

All  the  courses  are  free. 

The  secretary  is  M.  ABEL  LEFRANC. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  Leroy-Beaulieu,     Izoulet,     Levasseur, 

LANGUAGES. — CHINESE  AND  TARTAR  :  Longnon. 

Professors  Chavannes,  Courant.  ART     AND     ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors 

SEMITIC  :  Professors  Barbier  de  Mey-  Cagnat,    Clermont-Ganneau,    Foucart, 

nard,  Berger,  Duval,  Houdas,  Mas-  Guillaume,  Maspero,  Oppert ;    M.  La- 

pero,  Oppert.  fenestre. 

INDO- IRANIAN  :    Professors    Foucher,  SCIENCE. 

Levi.  MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :     Pro- 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  Boissier,Croiset,  fessors  Jordan,  Levy;  MM.  Hadamard, 

Havet.  Koenigs. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Chuquet.  PHYSICS  :     Professors   Angot,   Bertrand, 

SLAVONIC  :     Professor  Leger.  Brillouin,  Mascart ;  M.  Deprez. 

ROMANCE:  Professors  d'Arboisde  Ju-  CHEMISTRY:     Professors  Andre,  Berthe- 

bainville,  Deschanel,  Meyer,  Gaston  lot,  Le  Chatelier,  Schiitzenberger. 

Paris  ;  M.  Morel-Fatio.  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professors 

COMPARATIVE     PHILOLOGY  :     Professor  Fouque,  Longnon. 

Breal.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Balbiani,   Henne- 

PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors  Leveque,  Nou-  guy,  Marey  ;   M.  Franck. 

risson,  Ribot,  Tannery,  Thamin ;  M.  GENERAL   HISTORY  OF  THE  SCIENCES  : 

Bergson.  Professor  Lafitte. 

HISTORY  OF  RELIGIONS  :    Professor  Re-  MEDICINE. 

ville.  Professors  d'Arsonval,    Ranvier ;    M. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:    Professors  Flach,  Charrm. 

COLLEGE    LIBRE    DES    SCIENCES    SOCIALES. 
Rue  de  Tournon,  8,  Paris. 

The  object  of  this  college,  founded  in  1896,  is  to  provide  in- 
struction in  Economic  and  Social  Science.  Anyone  is  admitted 
on  paying  the  registration  fee  of  30  fr.  ($6).  The  courses  begin 
in  November,  and  the  lectures  are  held  in  the  afternoon  and  even- 
ing. 

A  certijicat  d*  etudes  societies  is  given  by  the  director  to  any 
student  who  writes  a  thesis  and  obtains  certificates  from  three  pro- 
fessors. The  professors  are  well-known  men  and  each  is  respon- 
sible frr  his  own  subject. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary,  rue  de  Tournon, 
8,  Paris. 


PRANCE.  41 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE.  Maroussem,  du  Mesnil.  Metin,  de  Pascal, 

MM.  Andler,  Barrat,  Bertillon,  Brun-      Paulalion,  Revelin,  Saleilles,  Seignobos, 
hes,  Dalle,  Dauriac,  Delaire,  Delbet,  Du-      Strauss,   Tarbouriech,    Tarde,  Turmann, 
fourmantelle,     Fontaine,     Kelles-Krauz,      Wahl,  Weber. 
Kovalevsky,    Lichtenberger,    Marin,   du 

ECOLE    DU    LOUVRE. 
The  Louvre,  Cour  Lefuel  (ancienne  Cour  Coulaincourt),  Paris. 

The  object  of  this  school  is  to  give  instruction  in  regard  to  the 
collections  in  the  Louvre  and  to  educate  librarians  and  custodians 
in  the  history  of  art  and  archeology.  The  instruction  is  given  in 
the  form  of  conferences. 

Regular  students  and  hearers  are  admitted  on  application  to  the 
secretary  of  the  school  (pavilion  de  la  Horloge  au  Louvre},  from 
whom  cards  of  admission  can  be  obtained. 

The  full  course  lasts  three  years,  the  lectures  in  each  year  begin- 
ning in  the  first  week  of  December  and  ending  about  the  I5th  of 
June. 

All  the  lectures  are  free. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARCHEOLOGY:  Professors  I$ertra.nd,  Heu-       HISTORY   OF   ART:     Professors   Lafen- 
zey,  Pierret,  Pettier,  Reinach.  estre,  Michel,  Molinier. 

INSCRIPTIONS  :  MM.  Ledrain,  Revillout. 

ECOLE    LIBRE    DES    SCIENCES    POLITIQUES. 

Rue  Saint    Guillaume,  27,  Paris. 

This  school  is  established  for  the  training  of  diplomatists,  con- 
suls, ambassadors,  etc.,  in  administration,  finance  and  kindred  sub- 
jects. 

Students  and  hearers  are  admitted  without  a  degree  and  without 
undergoing  any  examination.  The  number  of  men  students  is  so 
great  that  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  admit  women  to  the  lec- 
tures or  even  to  the  libraries  and  reading  rooms  of  the  school. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  the  second  week  of  November  and 
ends  on  June  8th. 

The  general  secretary  is  M.  CH.  DUPUIS,  rue  Saint  Guillaume, 
27,  Paris 


42  PARIS. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ADMINISTRATION  :    Professors   Alix,  le  INTERNATIONAL   LAW  :   Professors  Du- 

Vavasseur  de  Precourt,  Romieu.  puis,  Renault. 

FINANCE  :     Professors    Arnaune,     Bou-  HISTORY  OF  DIPLOMATICS  AND  OF  PUB- 

langer,    de    Colonjon,     Courtin,    Des  Lie   OPINION  :    Professors    Bourgeois, 

Essarts,  Levy,  Plaffain,  Rene  Stourm.  Funck-Brentano,  Levy-Briihl,  Koech- 

COMMERCIAL  AND  STATISTIC   GEOGRA-  lin,  Christian  Schefer,  Sorel,  Vandal. 

PHY  :  Professors  de  Foville,  Levasseur,  CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  :     Professors 

Viallate,  Zolla.  Benoist,  Dietz,  Andre  Lebon. 

POLITICAL  AND  SOCIAL  ECONOMY  :  Pro-  MODERN  EUROPE  :  Professors  Bourgeois, 

fessors  Cheysson,  Dunoyer.  Halevy,  Leroy-Beaulieu. 

LEGISLATION  :     Professors    Lyon-Caen,  COLONIAL  QUESTIONS  :  Professors  Chail- 

Dietz,  Flach,  Paulet,  Romieu.  ley-Bert,     Cordier,     Houdas,     Pelet, 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  ETHNOGRAPHY  :  Pro-  Schefer,  Silvestre,  Vandal,  Wilhelm. 

fessors  Gaidoz,  Pelet.  MODERN  LANGUAGES  :    Professors  Cart, 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    MILITARY    ORGAN-  Houdas,  Leger,  Morel. 

ISATION  :  MM.   le  Commandant  Leb-  HYGIENE  :  Professor  Fleury. 

lond,  Malleterre.  LAW  :  Professor  Tarde. 

ECOLE    NATIONALS    DES    CHARTES. 
Rue  de  la  Sorbonne,  17,  Paris. 

The  object  of  this  school  is  to  prepare  students  for  the  position  of 
public  librarians  and  keepers  of  archives.  French  students  are  ad- 
mitted on  the  results  of  a  competitive  examination ;  foreigners  are 
admitted  on  presenting  a  diploma  equivalent  to  that  of  the  bachelier 
es  lettres.  The  number  of  French  students  is  limited  to  20. 

Students  who  have  taken  the  three  years'  course  and  passed  each 
of  the  two  examinations  in  each  year,  and  presented  a  satisfactory 
thesis,  obtain  a  diploma  {diplome  cT  archiviste  paleographe). 
Women  are  admitted  to  the  school  as  hearers  (auditrices  libres} 
on  registering  their  names  at  the  secretary's  office.  The  use  of  the 
library  is  a  privilege  reserved  for  regular  students. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  the  first  week  of  November  and 
lasts  till  the  first  of  July. 

All  the  courses  are  public  and  free. 

For  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  Ecole  des  Chartes,  rue 
de  la  Sorbonne,  17,  Paris. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ROMANCE   PHILOLOGY  :   Professor  Paul  HISTORY  :  Professors   Molinier,  Viollet. 

Meyer.  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  de  Lasteyrie  ; 
BIBLIOGRAPHY  :  M.  Mortet.  M.  Enlart. 

DIPLOMATICS  :  Professor  Giry.  PALEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Berger. 

POLITICAL  INSTITUTIONS  :  Professor  Roy.  ARCHIVES:  M.  Desjardins. 


FRANCE.  43 

ECQLE    PRATIQUE   DES    HAUTES    ETUDES. 

The  object  of  this  institution,  which  was  founded  in  1868,  is  to 
provide  opportunities  for  practical  work  in  connection  with  the 
lectures  given  at  the  College  de  France,  the  Sorbonne,  the  Museum 
d'histoire  naturelle,  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  etc.  The  courses  of 
the  school  are  held  at  these  various  institutions,  and  the  laboratories 
for  the  purposes  of  instruction  and  research  are  situated  in  various 
parts  of  Paris  and  at  different  places  on  the  coast  (Villefranche, 
Wimereux,  Marseilles,  Cette,  Roscoff,  Banyuls-sur-Mer). 

The  courses  are  open  free  without  any  restrictions  as  to  age,  de- 
gree, or  nationality ;  but  a  year's  probation  is  necessary  before  the 
title  of  eleve  titulaire  is  conferred.  Certain  professors  resetve  die 
right  of  refusing  to  admit  women  to  their  classes,  but  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  hospital  courses,  practically  all  are  open  to  women. 

There  are  five  independently  organised  sections,  the  second  and 
third  of  which  (those  of  Physics,  Chemistry  and  Natural  Science), 
consist  entirely  of  laboratory  courses. 

It  is  intended  that  students  should  attend  the  courses  for  three 
years.  The  academic  year  begins  on  the  ist  of  November  and 
ends  on  the  3oth  of  June. 

Enquiries  should  be  addressed  to  the  Secretariat  de  la  Faculte 
des  Sciences,  a  la  Sorbonne. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

FIRST  SECTION:  MATHEMATICAL  MINERALOGICAL  LABORATORIES  :  Direc- 

SCIENCES.  tors  MM.  Hautefeuille,  Lacroix,  Per- 

Professors  Hermite,  Koenigs,  Puiseux,  rey. 
Raffy. 

THIRD   SECTION'.    NATURAL   SCIENCES. 
SECOND  SECTION :    PHYSICO-CHEMICAL 

SCIENCES.  BOTANICAL    LABORATORIES  :    Directors 

(The  courses  in  this  and  the  following  section  MM.  Bonnier   (Paris   and    Fountaine- 

are  all  laboratory  courses.)  bleau),  Bureau,   Chauveaud,    Dufour, 

PHYSICAL     LABORATORIES  :      Directors  Van-Tieghem;  Assistants  MM.  Fran- 

MM.     Bouty,     Brillouin,     Lippmann,  cet,  Hua,  Jolly,  Poisson. 

Maneuvrier,    Violle  ;  Assistants  MM.  LABORATORY  OF  BIOLOGICAL  PHYSICS  : 

Abraham,  Guillard,  Guillet.  Directors  MM.  d'Arsonval,  Henocque; ' 

CHEMICAL     LABORATORIES  :     Directors  Assistants  MM.  Guyon,  Roussy. 

MAI.  Berthelot,  Didier,  Duclaux,  Frie-  ANATOMICAL    LABORATORY  :   Directors 

del,  Gernez,  Moissan,  Pechard,  Troost;  MM.    Beauregard,  Filhol  ;    Assistant 

Assistants  MM.   Brion,  Burais,  Cham-  M.  Saint-Loup. 

berland,  Charon,  Job,  Martin,  Mesnil,  PHYSIOLOGICAL  LABORATORIES  :  Direc- 

Mourlot,  Pottevin,  Roux,  Valeur.  tors   MM.     Dastre,    Fran?ois-Franck, 


44 


PARIS. 


Grehant,  Marey ;  Assistants  MM. 
Arthaud,  Hallion,  Lamy. 

ZOOLOGICAL  LABORATORIES  :  Directors 
MM.  d'Arsonval  ( Concarneau ) ,  Bar- 
rois  ( Villefranche ) ,  Delage,  Girard 
(Wimereux),  Lacaze-Duthiers  (Paris, 
Roscoff  and  Banyuls-Sur-Mer),  Mar- 
ion (Marseilles),  Milne-Edwards, 
Oustalet,  Perrier,  Sabatier  (Cette); 
Assistants  MM.  Bernard,  Bordas, 
Brumpt,  Lepine,  Roche. 

MEDICAL  LABORATORIES  :  Directors 
MM.  Charrin,  de  la  Chavanne,  Javal, 
Laborde,  Tscherning ;  Assistants 
MM.  Manouvrier,  Papillant. 

HISTOLOGICAL  LABORATORY  :  Directors 
MM.  Malassez,  Ranvier ;  Assistant 
M.  Jolly. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL  LABORATORY:  Direc- 
tors MM.  Binet,  Henry ;  Assistants 
MM.  Courtier,  Philippe. 

GEOLOGICAL  LABORATORIES  :  Directors 
MM.  Fouque,  Gosselet  (Lille),  Mu- 
nier-Chalmas,  Riviere  ;  Assistant  M. 
Glangeaud. 

FOURTH  SECTION:    HISTORICAL  AND  PHIL- 
OLOGICAL  SCIENCES. 

(Office  and  Lecture  Room  at  the  University 
Library,  The  Sorbonne.) 

LANGUAGES. — ETHIOPIAN    AND    HIMY- 
ARITE:     M.  Halevy. 


ARABIC  :     M.  Derenbourg. 

SEMITIC  :     M.  Carrrere. 

SANSKRIT,     ZEND:     MM.     Blochet, 
Finot,  S.  Levi,  Meillet,  Specht. 

MODERN  GREEK  :     M.  Psichari. 

ROMANCE:     MM.  Gardoz,  Gillieron, 

Morel-Fatio,  Thomas,  Paris. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :     MM.  Du- 

vau,  Meillet. 

CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY  AND  ARCHAE- 
OLOGY :  MM.  Chatelain,  Desrous- 

seaux,   Haussoulier,  Jacob,    Lebegue, 

de  Nolhac,  de  Villefosse. 
ASSYRIAN,   EGYPTIAN    AND    ORIENTAL 

PHILOLOGY  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  MM. 

Clermont-Ganneau,     Guieysse,     Mas- 

pero,  Scheil. 

PHILOSOPHY  :     M.  Soury. 
HISTORY  :     MM.  Bemont,  Giry,  Monod, 

Reuss,  Roy. 

FIFTH  SECTION:  RELIGIOUS  SCIENCES. 

(Office  and  Lecture  Room  at  the  University 
Library,  The  Sorbonne.) 

THEOLOGY:  MM.  Amelineau,  Berthe- 
lot,  Deramey,  Derenbourg,  Esmein,  de 
Faye,  Foucher,  I.  Levi,  Marillier,  Pi- 
cavet,  A.  Quentin,  G.  Raynaud,  Al- 
bert Reville,  Jean  Reville,  de  Rosny, 
Sabatier,  Vernes. 


ECOLE    SPECIALE    DES    LANGUES    ORIENTALES    VIVANTES. 
Rue  de  Lille,  2,  Paris. 

The  object  of  this  school,  founded  in  1795,  is  to  give  instruction 
in  modern  oriental  languages  for  political  and  commercial  purposes. 

Regular  students  must  be  bacheliers  es  sciences  or  es  lettres,  be- 
tween 1 6  and  24  years  of  age,  and  of  French  nationality.  Excep- 
tions are  sometimes  made  in  respect  to  age  and  nationality. 

The  courses  and  diploma  {diplome  cT  eleve  brevet  e)  are  open  to 
women. 

The  lectures  begin  early  in  November  and  the  course  lasts  three 
years. 

All  the  lectures  are  public;   the  fees  are  50  fr.  ($10)  a  semester. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  rue  de  Lille,  2, 
Paris. 


FRANCE.  45 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ORIENTAL   LANGUAGES  :   Professors  Bo-  nid,    Kalpakdjian,    Lorgeou,    Marre 

net,  Boyer,  Carriere,  Cordier,  Deren-  Mondon-Vidailhet,  Aboul  Nasr,  Oda, 

bourg,      Deveria,      Houdas,      Huart,  Pernot,    Ramisiray,     Ravaisse,     Lien 

Legrand,  Barbier  de  Meynard,  Picot,  Young. 
Leon  de  Rosny,  Vinson ;  MM.  Dur- 

MUSEUM    D'  HISTOIRE    NATURELLE. 
Jardin  des  Plantes,  me  Cuvier,  57,  Paris. 

The  Museum  dy  histoire  naturelle  was  founded  in  1626  for  the 
purpose  of  making  scientific  collections  and  for  research.  Each 
department  is  in  the  charge  of  a  professor,  and  each  professor  is 
obliged  to  give  forty  public  lectures  yearly  on  the  subject  with 
which  his  department  deals. 

The  courses  are  unconditionally  open  to  the  public.  Regular 
hearers,  by  producing  certificates  of  attendance  from  the  professors, 
may  obtain  cards  which  give  them  access  for  a  year  to  the  galleries 
and  collections.  For  the  conferences  and  practical  work,  registra- 
tion is  required,  but  diplomas  are  not  necessary.  Botanical  and 
entomological  excursions  into  the  country  are  arranged  weekly  dur- 
ing the  summer  months.  Lectures  begin  on  April  27th. 

Secretary,  M.  H.  CHATELAIN,  Museum  d'  Histoire  Naturelle, 
Jardin  des  Plantes,  rue  Cuvier,  57,  Paris. 

Professors  and  Assistants. 

PHYSICS  :   Professor  Becquerel ;  M.  Ber-  Vaillant,  Van-Tieghem;  MM.  Bernard, 

thelot.  Beauregard,  Brongniart,  Gervais,  Gley, 

CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Amaud;  M.  Bour-  Kttnckel  d'Herculais,  Mocquard,  Mo- 

geois.  rot,  Oustalet,  Poisson,  Renault,  Roux, 

MINERALOGY  :    Professor  Lacroix ;    M.  Sauvinet,    Tremeau    de    Rochebrune, 

Jannettaz.  Verneau. 

GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  AGRICULTURE  :    Professor    Cornu ;    M. 

Gaudry,  Meunier ;   MM.    Boule,    Ra-  Bois. 

mond.  PATHOLOGY  :    Professor  Chauveau  ;  M. 

BIOLOGY:    Professors   Bouvier,    Bureau,  Phisalix. 

Deherain,    Filhol,     Grehant,     Hamy,  DRAWING  :  M.  Fremiet,  Mme.  Lemaire. 

Maquenne,    Milne-Edwards,    Perrier, 

THE    FRENCH    PROVINCES. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  professors  in  the  different  Facultes 
of  the  French  provinces.  The  organisation  of  these  Facultes  is 
exactly  the  same  as  at  Paris,  and  is  described  on  pp.  31-36. 


46  A1X. 

AIX,  France. 
UNIVERSITE    D'AIX-MARSEILLE. 

This  university,  dating  from  the  i3th  century,  comprises  the  Fac- 
ulties of  Arts  and  Law,  situated  at  Aix,  and  the  Faculties  of  Sci- 
ence, Law  and  Medicine  at  Marseilles. 

There  is  a  branch  of  the  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants 
Strangers  at  Aix,  and  by  its  means  courses  in  French  language 
and  literature  especially  for  foreigners  have  been  arranged. 

FACULTE    DES    LETTRES   D'AIX. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  LITERATURE  :  Professor  Joret. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  M.  Duranti  de  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Blondel. 

La  Calade.  POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  MM.  Masson,  C. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professor  Constans  ;  MM.  Perreau. 

Brenous,  de  Ridder.  HISTORY  :  Professors  Clerc,  Guibal. 

ROMANCE  :  Processors  Constans,  Du-  ARCHEOLOGY  :  M.  de  Ridder. 

cros ;  M.  Bonafous.  GEOGRAPHY  :  M.  Girbal. 

FACULTE   DE    DROIT   D'AIX. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Jourdan  ;       Bry,  Jourdan,  Lacoste,  Moreau,   Pison, 

M.  C.  Perreau.  Vermond  ;  MM.  Cesar -Bru,  C.  Perreau, 

LAW.  E.  Perreau,  de  Pitti-Ferrandi,  Thelohan. 

Professors  Audinet,  Bouvier-Bangillon, 

FACULTE    DES    SCIENCES    DE    MARSEILLE. 

Connected  with  this  Faculty  is  the  Marine  Zoological  Laboratory 
at  Endoume  and  a  large  astronomical  observatory.  Supplementary 
courses  are  given  by  the  professors  of  the  Faculte  des  Lettres 
d'Aix. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE  MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Vasseur. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-      GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Vasseur 
fessors  Charve,  Sauvage,  Stephan ;  M.       Bl°^Y  '    *™f*«»*  Deckel,   Marion; 
jamet  MM.    Gourret,   Jourdan,  Jumelle,  Le- 

PHYSICS':  Professors  Mace  de  Lepinay,  A  Ser'  Vayssiere 

Perot;    MM.   Fabry,    Repelin,  Vays-  AGRICULTURE:   Professor  Pauchon. 

siere.  LAW. 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professors  Duvillier,   Re-  Professors  Bouvier-Bangillon,  de  Pitti- 

boul ;  MM.  Berg,  Perdrix.  Ferrandi. 


FRANCE.  47 

ECOLE  DE  ME'DECINE  ET  DE  PHARMACIE  DE  PLEIN 

EXERCICE    DE    MARSEILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Arnaud,   Boinet,   Bouisson,  Queirel,  Rietsch,  Vigneron,  Villard,  Vil- 

Caillol  de  Poncy,  Chapplain,  Combalat,  leneuve ;  MM.   Alezais,   Berg,  Carriere, 

Domergue,     Fallot,     Gourret,     Heckel,  Delanglade,   Gerber,  Laplane,  Roux  fils. 
Jourdan,  Laget,  Livon,  Magon,  Nepveu, 

FACULTE    MARSEILLAISE   LIBRE   DE   DROIT. 

This  Faculty  was  founded  in  1881. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Peyron ;       enger,  de  Bevotte,  Berlier  de  Vauplane, 
M.  Henrion.  David,     Emile    Fabre,     Eugene    Fabre, 

Martin,  Peyron,    P.    Rolland,    Rolland- 

LAW'  Chevillon,  Tassy,  Thumin,  Vial;  MM. 

Professors   Aicard,    Alphandery,    Au-       Charlois,  Gravier. 
tran,    Bally,    Barreme,    Bedarride,    Ber- 

BESANCON,  France. 

UNIVERSITE   DE   BESAN^ON. 

This  is  a  small  university,  founded  in  1422,  comprising  Faculties 
of  Arts  and  Science  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine.  Total 
number  of  students,  197. 

FACULTE    DES    LETTRES    DE    BESAN9ON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  LITERATURE  :  Professors  Boucher,  Nag- 

LANGUAGES  : — CLASSICAL:  Professor  Na-  eotte. 

geotte  ;  MM.  Charrot,  Vernier.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Colsenet. 

GERMANIC  :  M.  Kontz.  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Droz.  Guiraud,  Pingaud. 

FACULTE    DES    SCIENCES    DE    BESAN9ON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

fessors  Gruey,  Saint- Loup,  Stouff.  Fournier. 

PHYSICS:  Professor  Joubin.  BIOLOGY:    Professors  Charbonnel-Salle, 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Boutroux  ;    M.  Magnin. 

Genvresse. 


48  BORDEAUX. 

ECOLE  PREPARATOIRE  DE  MEDECINE   ET    DE   PHARMACIE 
DE    BESANCON. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  Prieur,    Roland,    Saillard,    Thouvenin ; 

Professors    Boisson,     Bolot,    Chapoy,       MM.  Bruchon,  Colleatte,  Morin. 
Gauderon,   Heitz,    Magnin,   Mandereau, 

BORDEAUX,  France. 
UNIVERSITE    DE   BORDEAUX. 

This  university,  founded  in  1441,  comprises  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Pharmacy.  In  addition  to  the  usual 
laboratories  and  museums,  there  is  a  School  of  Chemistry  Applied 
to  Manufacturers  and  Agriculture,  a  School  of  Industrial  Electricity, 
an  Astronomical  and  Meteorological  Observatory  at  Florae,  and  a 
Zoological  Laboratory  at  Arcachon. 

There  is  a  branch  of  the  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants 
Strangers  in  Bordeaux,  secretary,  PROFESSOR  DUGUIT. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE   BORDEAUX. 

• 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Espinas  ;  MM. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors  Hamelin,  Rodier. 

Ouvre,  Waltz ;    MM.    Cirot,  de  la  SOCIOLOGY  :  Professor  Durkheim. 

Ville  de  Mirmont,  Masqueray,  Zy-  HISTORY:  Professors  Denis,  Imbart  de 

romski.  la  Tour,  Jullian,  Radet ;  MM.  Bouvy, 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Biard.  Marion. 

GERMANIC  :  M.  Rouge.  ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :      Professor 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Bourcier,  Stap-  Paris ;  M.  Bouvy. 

fer  ;  M.  Le  Breton.  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor  Gebelin  ;    M. 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  de  Treverret.  Lorin. 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    M.    Mas-  PEDAGOGY  :  M.  Durkheim. 
queray. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES   DE   BORDEAUX. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  MM.    Dubourg,  Gravel,  Vezes,  Vig- 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  ouroux. 

fessors  Brunei,  Rayet ;  MM.  Brunei,  MINERALOGY  :     Professor    Fallot ;     M. 

Giraud,  Picart,  de  Tannenberg.  Goguel. 

PHYSICS  :    Professors  Duhem,  Morisot ;  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Fallot. 

MM.  Gossart,  Marchis.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Millardet,    Perez  ; 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Gayon,  Joannis  ;  MM.  Devaux,  Kunstler. 


FRANCE.  49 

FACULTE   DE    DROIT    DE   BORDEAUX. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :    MM.    Benzacar,  Didier,  Duguit,  Le  Coq,  Levillain,  de 

Sauvaire-Jourdan.  Loynes,  Marandout,  Monnier,  Saignat, 

LAW  :  Professors  Barckhausen,  Baudry-  Vigneaux. 
Lacantinerie,    de   Boeck,    Despagnet, 

FACULTE  MIXTE  DE  MEDECINE  ET  DE  PHARMACIE  DE 
BORDEAUX. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  Moussous  pere,  de    Nabias,    Picot,  Pie- 

Professors  Arnozan,  Badal,  Bergonie,  chaud,    Pitres,    Vergely,    Viault;    MM. 

Blarez,  Boursier,  Bouchard,  Coyne,  De-  Deniges,    Denuce,    Dubreuilh,    Moure, 

mons,  Ferre,  Figuier,  Guillaud,   Jolyet,  Moussous  fils,  Pousson,  Regis,  Riviere. 

Lanelongue,     Layet,    Masse,    Morache, 

CAEN,  France. 
UNIVERSITE   DE    CAEN. 

This  university,  founded  in  1437,  comprises  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Law,  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine  and  Phar- 
macy. There  is  a  Marine  Laboratory  at  Luc-sur-Mer,  open  all  the 
year. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE    CAEN. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Mabilleau  ;  M. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL:  ProfessorsLe-  Couturat. 

hanneur,  Lemercier ;  M.  Renel.  HISTORY  :  Professor  Tessier ;  M.    Tou- 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Barbeau.  tain. 

ROMANCE  :      Professor     Gaste  ;     M.  ART  :  Professor  Gaste. 

Souriau.  SCIENCE  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  M.  Camena 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  M.  Huguet.  d'Almeida. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES    DE   CAEN. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:   Pro-  CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Louise  ;  M.  Bes- 

fessors  Riquier,  de  Saint-Germain  ;  M.  son. 

Lelieuvre.  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Bigot. 

PHYSICS:     Professor     Neyreneuf;     M.  BIOLOGY:  Professors Joye\i-x.-~Laf{me,  Lig- 

Guinchant.  nier ;  MM.  Huet,  Leger. 


50  CLERMONT-FERRAND. 

FACULTE   DE   DROIT    DE    CAEN. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Villey  ;  Carel,  Colin,  Danjon,  Debray,  Gauckler, 

M.  Rene  Worms.  Guillouard,     Laisne-Deshayes,     Lebret, 

LAW.  Le    Fur,    Marie,    Toutain,    Villey;    M. 

Professors  Biville,   Bouvier,   Cabouat,  Ambroise  Colin. 

ECOLE   PREPARATOIRE    DE   MEDECINE  ET  DE  PHARMACIE 

DE    CAEN. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  rais,    Gidon,    Guillet,    Louise,    Moutier, 

Professors  Auvray,  Barette,  Catois,  Noury,  Pihier ;  MM.  Besson,  Chevrel, 
Charbonnier,  Demerliac,  Fayel-Deslong-  Gosselin,  Osmont,  Vigot. 

CLERMONT-FERRAND,   France. 
UNIVERSITE    DE    CLERMONT. 

This  is  a  small  university,  founded  in  1808,  comprising  Faculties 
of  Arts  and  Science,  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine  and 
Pharmacy.  Total  number  of  students,  179. 

FACULTE    DES    LETTRES    DE    CLERMONT. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professor  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Joyau. 

Baron  ;  M.  Audollent.  HISTORY  :  Professors  Desdevises  du  De- 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Mahieu.  zert,  Hauser ;  M.  Rouchon. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  des  Essarts  ;  M.  PALEOGRAPHY  :  M.  Rouchon. 

Leclerc.  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor  Desdevises  du 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Ehrhard.  Dezert. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    M.   Colar- 
deau. 

FACULTE    DES    SCIENCES   DE    CLERMONT. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Parmentier  ;  M. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  Duboin. 

fessor  Pellet ;  M.  Le  Cordier.  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Guichard,  Hurian  ;  Julien. 

M.  Lugol.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Girod,  Poirier. 

ECOLE    PREPARATOIRE   DE    MEDECINE  ET  DE  PHARMACIE 

DE    CLERMONT. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  petit,    Planchard,    Rocher,  Tixier,   Tru- 

Professors  Bardier,  Bousquet,  Dourif,  chot ;  MM.  Bide,  Bruyant,  Gros,  La- 
Fouriaux,  Gagnon,  Girod,  Huguet,  Le-  font,  Maurin,  Mosnier. 


FRANCE,  51 

DIJON,   France. 
UNIVERSITE    DE    DIJON. 

This  university,  founded  in  1722,  comprises  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science  and  Law,  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine  and  Phar- 
macy. Total  number  of  students,  594. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE    DIJON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY:  M.  Lambert. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL:  Professors  Do-  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Boirac. 

rison,  Royer.  HISTORY  :      Professor   Gafifarel ;     MM. 
ROMANCE  :  MM.  Lame,  Roy.  Kleinclausz,  Stouff. 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Legras.  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Gaffarel. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES    DE   DIJON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  PHYSICS  :  MM.  Bagard,  Brunhes. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

fessors  Duport,  Meray.  Collot. 

CHEMISTRY  :     Professor    Recoura  ;    M.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Emery,  Jobert ;  M. 

Pigeon.  Bataillon. 

FACULTE    DE    DROIT    DE    DIJON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Mongin ;  de-Suze,     Gaudemet,     G6ny,    Louis- 

M.  Truchy.  Lucas,  Renardet,  Roux,  Tissier  ;  MM. 

LAW  :     Professors    Bailly,     Bonneville,  Mongin,  Moulin,  Stouff. 
Deslandres,    Desserteaux,    Duverdier- 

ECOLE   PREPARATOIRE   DE  MEDECINE  ET  DE   PHARMACIE 

DE    DIJON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  set,   Parizot,   Pauffard,   Pigeon,  Tarnier, 

Professors  Broussolle,  Brunhes,  Col-  Viallanes ;  MAI.  Bellier,  Bonnabeaud, 
lette,  Deroye,  Gautrelet,  Laguesse,  Mis-  Cottin,  Dubard,  Lagoutte,  Vincent. 

GRENOBLE,  France. 
UNIVERSITE    DE    GRENOBLE. 

This  university,  founded  in  1339,  comprises  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science  and  Law,  and  a  preparatory  School  of  Medicine  and  Phar- 
macy. The  number  of  students  is  499. 

The  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants  J&trangers  organised 


52  LILLE. 

in  1898  a  holiday  course  in  French  language,  literature  and  history, 
especially  for  foreigners.  The  course  consists  of  daily  lectures  and 
conferences  and  lasts  from  July  ist  to  October  3ist,  but  students 
may  attend  for  one  month  only.  The  fees  for  lectures  for  four 
weeks  are  20  fr.  ($4),  for  the  four  months  50  fr.  ($10).  For  further 
particulars  apply  to  M.  MARCEL  REYMOND,  place  de  la  Constitu- 
tion, 4,  Grenoble. 

FACULTE   DBS    LETTRES   DE    GRENOBLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICS  :  Professors  Ber-  LITERATURE  :  Professor  Besson. 

trand,  Dugit;  MM.  Bardot,  Chabert.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Dumesnil. 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Mathias.  HISTORY  AND   GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor 

ROMANCE  :     Professor  Morillot ;    M.  de  Crozals. 

Hauvette. 

FACULTE    DES    SCIENCES    DE   GRENOBLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Raoult ;  M.  Cha- 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  vastelon. 

fessors  Astor,  Collet ;  M.  Cousin.  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Pionchon  ;  M.  Beau-  Kilian. 

lard.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Lachmann,  Pruvot. 

FACULTE   DE  DROIT    DE    GRENOBLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  M.  Reboud.  Gueymard,    de  Lapradelle,  Michoud, 

LAW  :  Professors  Balleydier,  Beaudouin,  Pillet,  Tartar!,  Testoud ;  MM.  Cuche, 

Beudant,   Capitant,   Fournier,   Guetat,  Hitier. 

ECOLE  PREPARATOIRE  DE   MEDECINE  ET  DE    PHARMACIE 

DE    GRENOBLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  batut,  Nicolas,  Pegoud,  Pionchon,  Porte, 

Professors    Allard,     Berlioz,    Bordier,       Turel,  Verne  ;  MM.  Baboin,  Cibert,  Des- 

Douillet,  Flandrin,  Gallois,  Girard,  La-       champs,   G.  Dodero,  D.  Dodero,   Salva. 

LILLE,  France. 

UNIVERSITE     DE    LILLE. 

This  is  a  large  university,  founded  in  1808,  and  comprises  Facul- 
ties of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine;  there  are  also  free  or 


FRANCE,  53 

Catholic  Faculties  in  the  same  subjects,  and  a  Faculty  of  Catholic 
Theology. 

FACULTE    DES   LETTRES    DE   LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors  SLAVONIC  :  M.  Haumant. 

Dufour,  Thomas ;    MM.   Chamard,  PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor   Penjon ;     M. 

Couvreur,  Dautremer,  Fougeres.  Lefevre. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Angellier ;  MM.  HISTORY  :    Professors  Fabre,  Flammer- 

Chevrillon,  Derocquigny.  mont ;  M.  Petit-Dutaillis. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Pinloche.  ARCHEOLOGY  :  M.  Fougeres. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Dupont,  Lang-  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Ardaillon. 

lois,  Moy. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES   DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  :    Professor  Gosselet. 

fessors    Demartres,    Petot,    Souillart ;  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Gosselet ;  M.  Bar- 

MM.  Pade,  Thybaut.  rois. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Damien  ;  MM.  Ca-  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Betrand,  Hallez  ; 

michel,  Swyngedauw.  MM.  Prouho,  Queva. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Buisine,  Willm ;  AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Buisine. 

M.  Pelabon. 

FACULTE   DE   DROIT   DE  LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Bourguin.  Jacquey,    Lacour,     Mouchet,    Vallas, 

LAW  :     Professors     Bourguin,     Collinet,  Wahl ;  MM.  Jacquelin,   Margat,   Pel- 

Drumel,  Feder,  de  Folleville,  Gargon,  tier. 

FACULTE   MIXTE   DE   MEDECINE    ET   DE    PHARMACIE 

DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  ard,  Laguesse,  Lambling,  de  Lapersonne, 

Professors  Barrois,  Baudry,  Calmette,  Lemoine,  Leroy,  Lescoeur,  Lotar, 
Castiaux,  Charmeil,  Combemale,  Curtis,  Moniez,  Morelle,  Surmont,  Wertheimer ; 
Debierre,  Doumer,  Dubar,  Folet,  Gaul-  MM>  Ausset,  Carher,  Oui,  Phocas. 

FACULTE    LIBRE  DES    LETTRES    DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors  COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Herengt,  Rambure.  Cliquennois. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Charaux.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  de  Margerie. 

LITERATURE:  Professors  Gahide,  Looten.  HISTORY  AND   GEOGRAPHY  :    Professo? 
RHETORIC  :  Professor  Baunard.  Canet. 


54  L  YONS. 

FACULTE    LIBRE    DES    SCIENCES    DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

fessors  de  Salvert,  Villie  ;  M.  Stoffaes.  Bourgeat. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Delenser,  Witz.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Boulay,   Maurice, 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Schmitt.  Van-Oye. 

FACULTE    LIBRE   DE  DROIT    DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Bechaux.  Selosse,    Trolley    de    Prevaux,    Van- 

LAW  :    Professors  Arthaud,    de   Corbie,  laer,    de   Vareilles-Sommieres ;    MM. 

Delachenal,  Duthoit,  Gand,  Groussau,  Boissard,  Cavrois,  Duquesne,  Maurice 

Lamache,  Moureau,  Ory,  Pillet,  Rothe,  Vanlaer. 

FACULTE   LIBRE    DE    MEDECINE    ET   DE    PHARMACIE 
DE    LILLE. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  Faucon,    Guermonprez,     Lemiere,     Le- 

Professors    Augier,     Baltus,    Bernard,  noble,  Lienhart,  Monnet,  R6dier,  Rogie, 

Bouchaud,     Boulay,     Carrez,    Delassus,  Schmitt,     Thilliez,     Toison,     Voituriez, 

Desplats,    Dujardin,    Duret,    Eustache,  Witz. 

FACULTE    LIBRE   DE   THEOLOGIE    DE    LILLE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

THEOLOGY  :  Professors  Baunard,  Chollet,  Didiot,   Moureau,  Pannier,  Pillet,  Quilliet, 
Rohart,  Salembier. 


LYONS,  France. 
UNIVERSITE   DE    LYON. 

This  university,  founded  in  1808,  is  large  and  important,  com- 
prising state  faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Law,  and  a  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine, founded  in  1876,  which,  with  its  large  hospitals  and  excellent 
laboratories,  is  second  only  to  that  of  Paris.  There  are  also  Catho- 
lic Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Theology,  situated  at 
Lyons. 

A  branch  of  the  Comitc  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants  Strangers 
has  been  formed  at  Lyons :  secretary,  PROFESSOR  THALLERS. 


FRANCE.  55 

FACULTE   DBS    LETTRES    DE   LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS  COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

^;    M. 


CLASSICAL  :   P™/^  AlWgre,  Fabia,        H  Mari6jol>  Waddington. 

gra° 


ART      AND     ARCHAEOLGY: 

floch     CoviHe;    MM    C.ada.Ho!- 
C.edat,    Fon-      ^^^1^. 

'  Schirmer- 


PEDAGOGY  :  M.  Chabot. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES    DE    LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE  CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Barbier,  Vignon  ; 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MMM' 

fessors   Andre,  Flamme,    Lafon,  Ves-  MINERALOGY  :  Pr,/^r  Offret 

liot;  J/J/.  A^tonne,  Cartan,  Gonnes-  GEOLOGY  :      Professor     Deperet  ; 

siat  Uouxami. 


:  Professor  Vignon. 
FACULTE    DE    DROIT   DE    LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITIC  ALEcoNOMY;/V<?/^m-Rougier,  bendy,  Flurer,  Garraud,  Mabire,  Pic; 

Souchon.  MM.    Jean   Appleton,    Bonnecarrere, 

LAW:  Professors  Ch.  Appleton,  Audibert,  Bouvier,  Galland,  Lacassogne,    Lam- 

Bartin,     Berthelemy,    Caillemer,    Co-  bert,  Lameire,  Souchon. 

FACULTE   MIXTE    DE    MEDECINE    ET    DE    PHARMACIE 

DE    LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Arloing,  Augagneur,  Bard,  Testut,  Tripier  ;   MM.    Barral,    Beauvi- 

Bondet,    Cazeneuve,     Crolas,    Florence,  sage,  Bordier,  Boyer,  Causse,  Chandelux, 

Fochier,   Gailleton,  Gayet,    Hugounenq,  Collet,    Condamin,     Courmont,     Devic, 

Lacassagne,     Lepine,     Lortet,     Mayet,  Doyon,  Durand,  Gangolphe,  Laroyenne, 

Monoyer,  Morat,  Oilier,  Pierret,  M.  Pol-  Moreau,  Aug.  Pollosson,  Rochet,  Rollet, 

losson,  Poncet,  Renaut,  Soulier,  Teissier,  Roque,  Roux,  Siraud,  Vallas,  Weill. 

FACULTE    LIBRES    DES   LETTRES    DE    LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL:      Professors  COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY:     Professor 

Devaux,  Forest,  Gonnet.  Lepitre. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Condamin,  Del-  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Reure. 

mont.  HISTORY  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professor 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Frintz.  Leotard. 


56  MONTPELLIER, 

FACULTE    LIBRE  DES    SCIENCES   DE  LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Chassy. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Lepercq. 

fessors    Berloty,    Magnus    de   Sparre,  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Morin. 

Onofrio,  Valson.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Donnadieu,  Morin. 

FACULTE    LIBRE   DE   DROIT    DE   LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Rambaud.  Mouterde,  Perrin,  Poidebard,  Richard, 

LAW  :  Professors  Beaune,  Boucaud,  Gai-  Roux,  Wies  ;  MM.  Brun,  Rivet,  Roux, 

ral,   Hostache,   Jacquier,   de  Lajudie,  Voron,  Wies. 

FACULTE   LIBRE  DE   THEOLOGIE    DE    LYON. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

THEOLOGY.  Chambost,  Chevallier,  Dumas,  Jacquier, 

Professors   Belon,    Blanc,   Bourchany,       Lemann,  Vernet. 


MONTPELLIER,  France. 

UNIVERSITE   DE    MONTPELLIER. 

This  university,  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  comprises  Fac- 
ulties of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine,  and  is  large  and  im- 
portant. There  are  good  laboratories  and  hospitals  and  some 
scientific  institutes. 

The  branch  of  the  Comite  de  Patronage  des  Etudiants 
Etrangers  has  arranged  free  practical  courses  for  the  benefit  of 
foreigners.  The  secretary  of  the  Comite  is  Professor  Flahaut. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE    MONTPELLIER. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    M.  Gram- 

mont. 
LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors      PHILOSOPHY:    Professor  Milhaud  ;    M. 

Bonnet,  Maury  ;    M.  Reynaud.  Bougie. 

GERMANIC:  M.  Fecamp.  HISTORY":    Professor  Gachon ;    M.   PC- 

ROMANCE  :    Professor    Rigal  ;    MM.  lissier. 

Chabaneau,  Vianey.  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  MM.  Berthele,  Lechat. 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Castets.  GEOGRAPHY  :  M.  Malavialle. 


FRANCE.  57 

FACULTE   DBS    SCIENCES    DE    MONTPELLIER. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :   Pro-  MINERALOGY  :    Professor  Delage  ;    M. 

fessors    Dautheville,    Fabry ;     M.    Le  Curie. 

Roux.  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Delage. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Crova,  Meslin.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Flahault,  Sabatier;; 
CHEMISTRY  :    Professors   de    Forcrand,  MM.  Pavillard,  Soulier. 

Oechsner,  de  Coninck  ;   M.  Giran. 

FACULTE   DE    DROIT    DE    MONTPELLIER. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :     Professor  Gide ;  Chausse,    Glaize,    Laborde,    Laurens,. 

MM.  Brouilhet,  Chauvin.  Meynial,    Valabregue,    Vigie ;    MM. 

LAW  :    Professors  Bremond,  Charmont,  Barde,  Declareuil,  Valery. 

FACULTE   DE    MEDECINE    DE    MONTPELLIER. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  nat>  Truc,Vialleton,  Ville;  MM.  Baumel, 

Professors  Bertin-Sans,  Bosc,  Carrieu,  Brousse,     Delezenne,     Espagne,     Estor, 

Ducamp,   Estor,    Forgue,   Gilis,   Granel,  Francois,  Galavielle,  Itie,  Lapeyre,  Le- 

Grasset,  Grynfeltt,  Hamelin,  Hedon,  Im-  cercle,    Moitessier,    Mouret,    Puech,    de 

bert,  Mairet,  Rauzier,  Rodet,Sarda,Tede-  Rouville,  Vallois. 

NANCY,  France. 

UNIVERSITE    DE   NANCY. 

This  university,  founded  in  1572,  comprises  the  Faculties  of 
Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine,  a  School  of  Pharmacy,  and  a 
Professional  School.  There  is  an  influential  branch  of  the  Comite 
de  Patronage  des  jfrtudiants  Strangers  at  Nancy,  which  has 
done  much  for  the  benefit  of  foreign  students. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE    NANCY. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  LITERATURE  :   Professor  Grucker. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL:     Professors  COMPARATIVE  PHIIOLOGY:  M.  Cousin. 

Thiaucourt,  Martin;  MM.  Collignon,  PHILOSOPHY  :  M.  Souriau. 

Couve  HISTORY  :  Proftssors  Diehl,  Pfister  ;  M. 

GERMANIC  :  M.  Lichtenberger.  Pariset. 

ROMANCE  :     Professor    Krantz ;     M.  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Diehl. 

Etienne.  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Auerbach. 


58  POITIERS. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES   DE    NANCY. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Thoulet. 

fessors  Floquet,  Molk ;  MM.  Lacour,  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  MM.  Mil- 

Vogt.  lot,  Nickles. 

PHYSICS  :    Professors  Bichat,   Blondlot ;  BIOLOGY:  Professors  Friant,  Le  Monnier; 

M.  Perreau.  MM.  Cuenot,  Gain,  Saint- Remy. 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professors  Arth,    Haller,  AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Petit. 

Petit ;  MM.  Guntz,  Mttller. 

FACULTE   DE   DROIT   DE    NANCY. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Gamier ;  del,      Bourcart,      Chretien,     Gardeil, 

M.  Liegeois.  Gavet,   Lombard,   Lederlin,  Liegeois, 

LAW  :  Professors  Beauchet,  Binet,  Blon-  Carre  de  Malberg,  May  ;  M.  Melin. 

FACULTE    DE   MEDECINE    DE    NANCY. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Baraban,  Bernheim,  Char-  Spillmann,     Vuillemin,     Weiss ;     MM. 

pen  tier,    Chretien,    Demange,    Gamier,  Etienne,  Fevrier,  Froelich,  Guerin,  Guil- 

Gross,    Herrgott,    Heydenreich,     Mace,  loz,  Haushalter,  Jacques,  Parisot,  Rohm- 

Meyer,  Nicolas,  Prenant,  Schmitt,  Simon,  er,  Schuhl,  Zilgien. 


POITIERS,  France. 
UNIVERSITE   DE   POITIERS. 

This  university,  founded  in  1431,  comprises  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science  and  Law,  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine  and 
Pharmacy. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE    POITIERS. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY:  M.  Audouin. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professors  PHILOSOPHY  :     Professor    Luguet ;    M. 

Ernault,  Hild.  Mauxion. 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Castelain.  HISTORY  :  Professor  Carre  ;  M.  Boisson- 

ROMANCE  :  MM.  Arnould,  Laitmonier.  ade. 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Parmentier.  ARCHEOLOGY  :  M.  Lievre. 


FRANCE.  59 

FACULTE   DBS    SCIENCES    DE   POITIERS. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

fessors  Durrande,  Maillard.  Welsch. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Garbe;  M.  Delvalez.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Dangeard,  Schnei- 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Roux  ;  M.  Guit-  der. 

teau. 

FACULTE    DE    DROIT    DE    POITIERS. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  MM.  Cheneaux,  Courtois,  Normand,  Parenteau-Du- 

Girault.  beugnon,  Petit,  Prevot-Leygonie,  Sur- 

LAW  :  Professors  Arthuys,  Arnault  de  la  ville,  Thezard ;  MM.  Cheneaux, 

Menardiere,  Barrilleau,  Bonnet,  Le  Michon. 

ECOLE    PREPARATOIRE   DE  MEDECINE  ET   DE  PHARMACIE 

DE   POITIERS. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  Delaunay,    Guitteau,    Jouteau,   Poirault, 

Professors  Alban  de  la  Garde,  Brossard,       Poisson,  Roland  ;   MM.  Faivre,  Garbe, 
Buffet-Delmas,    Chedevergne,    Chretien,       Latrille,  Leger,  Llaguet,  Malapert. 

REXNES,  France. 

UNIVERSITE    DE   RENNES. 

This  university,  founded  in   1808,  comprises  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science  and  Law,  and  a  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine. 

FACULTE   DES    LETTRES    DE   RENNES. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS-  ROMANCE  :  Professor  Allais;  M.  Loth. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL:  Professors  De-  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  M.  Dottin. 

launay,  Loth  ;  M.  Mace.  PHILOSOPHY  :  M.  Bourdon. 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Thomas.  HISTORY  :  MM.  Jordan,  Se*e. 

GERMANIC  :  M.  Basch.  GEOGRAPHY  :  MM.  Rainaud,  Seunes. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES    DE   RENNES. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  Seunes. 

fessors  Morin,  Pujet ;  M.  Andrade.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Crie,  Joubin  ;  MM. 

PHYSICS  :  MM.  Moreau,  Weiss.  Guitel,  Lesage. 
CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Lechartier  ;   M. 

Cavalier. 


60  TOULOUSE. 

FACULTE   DE   DROIT   DE    RENNES. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Worms  ;  de  Caqueray,  Chatel,  Chauveau,  Fettu, 

M.  Turgeon.  Jarno,  Turgeon,  Vignerte  ;  MM.   Bo- 

LAW  :  Professors  Artur,  Aubry,  Blondel,  din,  Grandmoulin,  Piedelievre. 

ECOLE    PE    MEDECINE    ET    DE    PHARMACIE    DE    PLEIN 
EXERCICE    DE   RENNES. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Aubree,  Bellamy,  Bertheux,  ret,  Perrin  de  la  Touche  ;  MM.  Castex, 
Blin,  Bodin,  Brute,  Dayot,  Delacour,  Crie,  Dayot  fils,  Faint,  Follet,  Laurent, 
Fleury,  Lefeuvre,  Lhuissier,  Mace,  Per-  Lautier,  Le  Moniet,  Topsent. 

TOULOUSE,  France. 
UNIVERSITE   DE   TOULOUSE. 

This  university,  founded  in  1229,  is  large  and  important,  and 
comprises  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine;  there 
are  also  Catholic  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Theology.  There  are  good 
scientific  laboratories  and  institutes  and  an  astronomical  observa- 
tory. Dr.  Maurel  is  President  of  the  Comite  de  Patronage  des 
Etudiants  Etrangers,  which  has  procured  for  foreign  students  re- 
duced rates  at  the  hotels  and  all  other  pecuniary  advantages  enjoyed 
by  French  students. 

FACULTE    DES    LETTRES    DE    TOULOUSE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professor  Rauh;  M.  Thou- 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors  verez. 

Antoine,  Beaudouin ;   M.  Navarre.  HISTORY  :  Professors  Dumas,  Lecrivain, 

ENGLISH  :  M.  Dumeril.  Molinier ;  M.  Marion. 

ROMANCE  :    Professors  Benoist,  Jean-  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Dun-bach. 

roy,  Merimee ;  M.  Guy.  GEOGRAPHY  :  M.  Dognon. 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Hallberg.  PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Rauh. 

FACULTE   DES    SCIENCES    DE    TOULOUSE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

SCIENCE.  PHYSICS  :  Professors  Bouasse,  Mathias  ; 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  M.  Cotton. 

fessors    Baillaud,    Cosserat,    Legoux ;  CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Destrem,  Saba- 

MM.  Delassus,  Paraf.  tier ;  M.  Fabre. 


FRANCE.  6  1 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor          Moquin-Tandon,    Roule  ;   MM.  Jam- 

Lartet  ;  M.  Caralp.  mes,  Prunet. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Leclerc  du  Sablon,       AGRICULTURE  :  M.  Fabre. 

FACULTE  DE    DROIT    DE   TOULOUSE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Hoques-  piau,     Hauriou,     Merignhac,     Paget, 

Fourcade.  Rouard  de  Card,  Timbal,  Vidal,  \Val- 

LAW  :     Professors     Bonfils,     Bressolles,  Ion  ;  M.  Fraissaingea. 
Brissaud,  Campistron,  Deloume,  Des- 

FACULTE    MIXTE    DE    MEDECINE    ET     DE    PHARMACIE    DE 

TOULOUSE. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

MEDICINE.  Tapie)  Tourneux  ;  MM.  Aldibert,  Audry, 

Professors  Abelous,  Andre",  Braemer,  Bezy,  Biarnes,  Garrigou,  Gerard,  Guil- 

Caubet,  Chalot,  Charpy,  Crouzat,  Dupuy,  hem,    Guiraud,  Lamic,  Marie,    Maurel, 

Frebault,  Herrmann,    Jeanriel,    Labeda,  Morel,  Rispal,   Secheyron,  Soulie,  Suis, 

Mosse,   Penieres,    Remond,  Saint-Ange,  Vieusse. 

FACULTE    LIBRE    DES    LETTRES    DE   TOULOUSE. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 


PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Montagne. 

LANGUAGES.  -CLASSICAL:     Professors  ARCHEOLOGY:     Professor     Saint-Ray- 

Gimazanes,  Montaut,  Morlais  ;    M.  mond 
Valentin. 

ROMANCE  :    Professor  Arnaud.  SCIENCE. 

MODERN  :  Professor  de  Suplicy.  MATHEMATICS  :       Professors      Domec, 

LITERATURE  :  Professor  Couture.  Thomas. 

COMPARATIVE   PHILOLOGY  :    Professors  PHYSICS    AND    CHEMISTRY  :    Professor 

Couture,  Samouilhan.  Senderens. 


62  GERMANY. 


GERMANY. 

The  universities  of  Germany  are  state  institutions,  sup- 
ported by  the  Government  and  subject  to  the  Ministers  of 
Education  of  the  several  States  in  which  they  are  situated. 
They  have,  however,  an  independent  legal  personality,  and 
are  to  a  great  extent  self-governing.  At  most  of  the  univer- 
sities the  Minister  of  Education  is  represented  by  the  Curator, 
Chancellor,  or  Vice-Chancellor,  whose  duty  it  is  to  look  after 
the  state  interests  and  to  manage  the  finances  of  the  univer- 
sity. When  this  official  is  wanting  the  universities  are  directly 
under  the  Ministers. 

Each  university  comprises  four  Faculties,  namely,  the  Fac- 
ulties of  Philosophy  (Arts  and  Science),  Law,  Medicine, 
and  Theology ;  by  each  of  these  Faculties  courses  of  lec- 
tures, seminary,  and  laboratory  work  are  provided,  and  the 
degree  of  Doctor  is  given  to  matriculated  students  who  have 
passed  the  final  examination  and  fulfilled  certain  require- 
ments, which  vary  slightly  with  the  different  universities. 
It  is  the  custom  for  students  to  go  from  one  university  to 
another,  returning  for  their  degrees  to  the  university  of  their 
choice. 

There  are  in  Germany  twenty  universities,  the  largest  and 
most  important  being  the  universities  of  Berlin,  Leipzig  and 
Munich.  A  German  student  when  applying  for  permission 
to  matriculate  at  a  university  is  expected  to  hold  the  Gymna- 
sialabiturienten  Zeugniss,  the  certificate  that  he  has  attended 
the  specified  course  in  a  Gymnasium  and  passed  the  final 
examination.  Foreign  students  must  give  proof  of  an  equal 
degree  of  preparation. 

Women  are  as  a  rule  admitted  only  as  hearers  to  courses  in 
the  Philosophical  Faculty  of  the  several  universities,  al- 


GERMANY.  63 

though  in  some  cases  they  have  also  attended  lectures  in  the 
Faculties  of  Law  and  Medicine.* 

The  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  has  been  granted  to 
women  by  the  Universities  of  Berlin,  Freiburg,  Gottingen, 
Heidelberg  and  Tubingen,  and  at  these  universities  women 
have  a  certain  recognised  position  as  hearers,  although  they 
are  not  allowed  to  -matriculate.  At  most  of  the  universities 
in  Prussia  properly  qualified  women  are  permitted  to  attend 
courses  in  the  Philosophical  Faculty  if  they  obtain  the  per- 
mission of  the  Rector  of  the  university  and  of  the  indi- 
vidual professors  whose  courses  they  desire  to  hear.  They 
have,  however,  no  rights,  and  are  not  counted  as  students. 
Any  particular  application  for  admission  may  be  refused. 
The  other  universities  of  Germany  vary  in  regard  to  the 
admission  of  women. 

The  reading-rooms  of  the  university  libraries  are  as  a  rule 
open  to  women  as  part  of  the  general  public  on  the  same  con- 
ditions as  to  men.  Women  who  are  studying  at  the  various 
universities  are  in  every  case  permitted  to  take  books  out  of 
the  libraries  upon  the  same  conditions  as  men. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  October  and  is  divided  into 
two  semesters,  the  winter  semester  which  extends  from  the 
middle  of  October  to  the  middle  of  March,  and  the  summer 
semester  which  extends  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  mid- 
dle of  August.  The  lectures  do  not,  however,  generally 
begin  until  a  week  or  ten  days  after  the  date  officially 
announced  as  the  beginning  of  the  semester. 

The  list  of  courses  to  be  given  in  one  semester  is  not  pub- 
lished until  the  end  of  the  preceding  semester.  Official  lists 
of  lectures  (  Vorlesungsverzeicknisseri)  of  the  universities  are 
sold  at  the  bookshops,  they  are  are  not  distributed  by  the  uni- 


*  Wherever  courses  in  Law  and  Medicine  have  been  opened  to  women,  special  mention  is  made 
the  fact  under  the  head  of  the  separate  universities. 


64  GERMANY. 

versities  themselves.  The  Deutscher  Universitats-Kalender, 
published  each  semester  in  Berlin,  gives  the  courses  offered 
during  the  semester  at  all  the  German  universities. 

The  fees  paid  at  German  universities  are  of  two  kinds, 
those  paid  to  the  universities  themselves  and  those  paid  to  the 
individual  professors.  Each  university  charges  students  a 
small  fee  on  entering  for  matriculation;  18  M.  ($4.50)  for 
first  matriculation,  9  M.  ($2.25)  for  students  coming  from 
another  university ;  on  leaving,  for  a  certificate  of  work  done 
14  M.  ($3.50),  in  addition  to  a  fee  each  semester  for  the 
right  to  hear  lectures  (5  M.,  $1.25).  For  each  course  at- 
tended a  fee  is  also  paid  to  the  professor  giving  the  course, 
except  in  those  cases  where  the  course  is  expressly  stated  to 
be  free  (3-5  M.,  $.75-$!. 25,  for  one  hour  a  week  during 
one  semester).  A  much  larger  fee  is  paid  to  the  university 
for  a  Doctor's  degree  (300-400  M.,  $75-$ioo).* 

The  fees  paid  by  women  vary  in  the  different  universities. 
Where  women  are  officially  admitted  they  may  pay  the  uni- 
versity fee  for  those  privileges  which  they  enjoy.  Where 
they  attend  lectures  by  the  permission  of  the  individual  pro- 
fessors without  the  sanction  of  the  Ministry,  they  pay  the  fees 
to  the  professors. 

The  whole  question  of  the  admission  of  women  to  the  universities  has  given  rise  to  much  dis- 
cussion in  Germany  and  is  still  far  from  being  settled.  Many  Germans  regard  the  higher  education 
of  women  as  undesirable  and  there  is  a  strong  objection  manifested  by  a  large  number  of  the  pro- 
fessors and  students  alike  to  the  admission  of  women  to  the  universities.  In  the  last  few  years,  how- 
ever, great  advances  have  been  made  and  the  foundation  of  several  gymnasia  for  girls  on  exactly  the 
same  plan  as  those  for  boys  has  made  it  possible  for  German  women  to  obtain  adequate  preparation 
for  the  universities. 

The  seriousness  of  purpose  and  the  ability  of  individual  women  who  have  studied  in  Germany 
has,  it  is  believed,  done  much  towards  destroying  the  prejudice  against  women  students  in  the  minds 
of  the  professors  under  whom  they  have  worked.  Each  woman  who  applies  for  permission  to  attend 
lectures  should  bear  in  mind  the  great  responsibility  she  incurs  in  thus  becoming,  as  it  were,  a  test 
case,  by  which  other  similar  cases  in  the  future  will  be  judged.  If  she  is  insufficiently  prepared  or 
lacking  in  seriousness  of  purpose  in  her  work  she  cannot  fail  to  do  harm  to  the  cause  of  women's 
education  in  Germany.  Women  students  should  also  bear  in  mind  that  the  conditions  of  German 


*  The  above  figures  are  approximate. 


GERMANY.  65" 

life  are  very  different  from  the  conditions  of  American  life,  and  that  any  failure  to  observe  the  estab- 
lished customs  of  the  people  among  whom  they  are  living  and  whose  hospitality  they  are  enjoying,  is 
likely  to  bring  women  students  as  a  class  into  discredit. 

BERLIN,  Prussia. 
KONIGL.    FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 

Until  within  the  last  few  years  the  University  of  Berlin,  which 
was  founded  in  1809,  was  entirely  closed  to  women,  and  no  de- 
grees had  ever  been  granted  by  it  to  women.  At  present  individual 
women  are  in  general  permitted  by  the  University  to  attend  lec- 
tures as  gastzukorerinncn,  provided  that  they  can  prove  that  they 
are  properly  prepared. 

The  application  to  be  allowed  to  attend  lectures,  accompanied 
by  the  passport  and  testimonials  of  the  applicant,  should  be  left  at 
the  Kuratorium.  After  the  applicant  receives  notice  from  the 
authorities  that  she  is  admitted  she  should  go  to  the  Universitats- 
Sekretariat  for  the  Rektorats-Erlaubniss-Schein.  After  the  in- 
dividual professors  have  given  the  applicant  permission  to  attend 
their  lectures  the  Quaestor  of  the  University  registers  and  regu- 
larly admits  the  student. 

Women  students  are  sometimes  admitted  to  lectures  when,  on 
account  of  lack  of  space,  entrance  to  the  seminaries  and  laboratories 
is  refused  them,  but  some  professors  have  opened  both  their  semi- 
naries and  their  laboratories  to  individual  women. 

Practically  all  the  courses  offered  by  the  Philosophical  Faculty 
are  now  open  to  women,  and  courses  in  Law  and  Physiology  have 
been  attended  by  women,  but  in  Anatomy  and  Medicine  the  classes 
are  in  general  closed. 

In  1898—99  two  hundred  and  forty-one  women  were  studying  at 
the  University  of  Berlin ;  a  room  in  the  University  building  has 
been  set  apart  for  their  use.  One  woman  has  recently  obtained  the 
degree  of  Doctor  in  the  Philosophical  Faculty. 

For  information  as  to  dates  of  semesters,  fees,  etc.,  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  INDO-IRANIAN  :    Professors    Geldnerr 
LANGUAGES.  —  SEMITIC  :         Professors  Weber  ;  Docents  Oppert,  Sieg. 

Earth,  Dieterici,  Sachau,  Schrader  ;  CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Diels,  Hiibner, 
Docents  Erman,  Sethe,  Winckler.  Kirchhoff,     Vahlen,     v.      Wilamo- 


<66 


BERLIN. 


witz  Mollendorff,    Winter  ;    Docents 

Kttbler,  Rothstein,  Schone,  Thomas. 

ENGLISH  :    Professor  Brandl ;  Reader 

Harsley. 

GERMANIC  :      Professors      Bruckner, 
Heusler,     Hoffory,     Roediger,     E. 
Schmidt,  Weinhold ;    Docents  Cor- 
nicelius,  Herrmann,  Meyer. 
ROMANCE  :    Professors    Geiger,    Tob- 
ler ;  Decent  Schultz-Gora  ;  Readers 
Hecker,  Pariselle. 
CHINESE  :  Professor  Grube. 
MONGOLIAN  AND  HISTORY  OF  BUD- 
DHISM :  Docent  Huth. 

ORIENTAL  LANGUAGES  SEMINAR  :  Pro- 
fessors Arendt,  Berneker,  Hassan 
Djelaled-din  Fischer,  Foy,  Giissfeldt, 
Hartmann,  Lange,  Amin  Maarbes, 
Mitsotakis,  de  Mugica  Neuhaus,  Sen- 
ga.  Sid  Gilani  Schirkawi,  Hsiieh  Shen, 
Steinbach  Vacha,  Velten,  Warburg, 
Abder-rahman  Zaghlul. 

COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor 
John  Schmidt. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Dilthey,  Pau'- 
sen,  Runze,  Stumpf,  Zeller;  Docents 
Dessoir,  Doring,  Hoppe,  Lasson,  Sim- 
mel,  Schumann,  Thiele. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Boeckh, 
Lass,  v.  Martitz,  Meitzen,  Reinhold, 
Schmoller,  Sering,  Wagner;  Docents 
v.  Ha'le,  Hoeniger,  Jastrow,  v.  Kauf- 
mann,  v.  WTenckstern. 

HIST.  -RY  :  Professors  Breysig,  Delbriick, 
Hirschfeld,  Kohler,  Lenz,  Mommsen, 
Schefifer-Boichorst,  Schiemann ;  Do- 
cents Dessau,  Hintze,  Honiger,  Klebs, 
Koepp,  Koser,  Kubler,  Lehmann, 
Liesegang.  Meinecke,  Naude,  Oncken, 
Roloff,  Seler,  Spahn,  Sternfeld,  Tangl. 

ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professors  Er- 
man,  Frey,  Grimm,  Kekule,  Winne- 
feld,  Winter ;  Docents  Dessau,  Gold- 
schmidt,  Graef,  Helmert,  Kalkmann, 
Kern,  Pernice,  Schmid,  Sethe. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Munch. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  v.  Drygalski,  v. 
Richthofen;  Docents  Dove,  Kretsch- 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Bauschinger,  Foerster,  Fro- 
benius,  Fuchs,  Hensel,  Hettner, 


Knoblauch,  Lehmann-Fi  hes  Planck, 
Scheiner,  Schwarz ;  Docents  Batter- 
mann,  Hoppe,  Marcuse. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  v.  Bezold,  Blasius, 
Neesen,  Planck,  Warburg ;  Docents 
Arons,  Assmann,  du  Bois,  Krigar- 
Menzel,  Pringsheim. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Biedermann, 
Fischer,  Fock,  Gabrie1,  Landolt, 
Liebermann,  Pinner,  Rammelsberg, 
Schneider,  Sell,  Tiemann,  Van  t'  Hoff, 
Wichelhaus,  Will ;  Docents  v.  Buchka, 
Harries,  Hayduck,  Jacobson,  Jahn, 
Marckwald,  Meyerhoffer,  Reissert, 
Rosenheim,  SchSpff,  Schotten,  Thorns, 
W.  Traube,  Windisch,  Wohl. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Klein  ;  Docents 
Fock,  Tenne,  H.  Traube. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Berendt,  Dames  ; 
Docent  Jaeke'. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Ascherson,  Engler, 
Garcke,  Kny,  Magnus,  v.  Martens, 
Moebius,  Schulze,  Schwendener,  Witt- 
mack  ;  Docents  Gilg,  Heymons,  Hol- 
termann,  Karsch,  Kolkwitz,  Lindau, 
von^Luschan,  Plate,  Reinhardt,  Schau- 
dinn,  Schumann,  Volkens,  Warburg, 
Zimmermann. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Orth. 


Professors  Aegidi-,  Berner,  Bornhak, 
Brunner,  Dambach,  Dernburg,  Eck, 
Gierke,  Htibler,  Kahl,  Kohler,  Oert- 
mann,  Pernice,  Rehme,  Secke1,  Zeumer  ; 
Docents  Burchard,  Heilborn,  Jacobi, 
Kaufmann,  Preuss,  Schwartz,  Stolzel. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  A.  Baginsky,  v.  Bergmann, 
Bernhardt,  Brieger,  Busch,  von  Coler, 
EhrUch,  Engelmann,  Eu^nburg,  EwaM, 
Fasbender,  B.  Frankel,  Fritsch,Gerhardt, 
Go'dscheider,  Gurlt,  Gusserow,  Henoch, 
Hertwig,  Heubner,  Hildebrand,  Hirsch- 
berg,  Horstmann,  Israel,  Jolly,  Koch, 
Konig,  Koppen,  Lesser,  Lewin,  Leyden, 
Liebreich,  Lucae,  Mendel,  Miner,  Moeli, 
H.  Munk.  I.  Munk,  Nagel,  Olshausen, 
Rose,  Rubner,  Salkowski,  Schoe'er, 
Schweigger,  Schweninger,  Senator, 
Silex,  Skrzeczka,  Sonnenburg,  Strass- 
mann,  Thierfelder,  Trautmann,  H.  Vir- 
chow,  R.  Virchow,  Wa'deyer,  J.  Wo  ff, 


GERMANY. 


M.  Wolff;  Docents  B.  Baginsky,  Behr- 
end,  Benda,  Boedeker,  C.  du  Bois-Rey- 
mond,  R.  du  Bois-Reymond,  Bonhoff, 
Casper,  Duhrssen,  A.  Fraenkel,  Geb- 
hard,  G'.uck,  Grawitz,  Greeff,  Grunmach, 
Giinther,  Guttstadt,  Hansemann,  Herter, 
Heymann,  Hirschfeld,  Jacobson,  Jansen, 
Joachims  tab.1,  Katz,  Klemperer,  Ko- 
b  anck,  Konig,  R.  Krause,  W.  Krause, 
Kronig,  Laehr,  Landau,  Langerhans, 
Langgaard,  Lassar,  Lewinski,  Lexer, 
Litten,  Loewy,  Martin,  Mendelsohn, 
Meyer,  Michaelis,  Mitscherlich,  I.  Munk, 
Nagel,  Neumann,  Nitze,  Oestreich,  Ohl- 
miiiler,  Oppenheim,  Pagel,  Perl,  Pfeiffer, 


Posner,  Puppe,  Rabl-Ruckhard,  Rawitz, 
Remak,  Riess,  Rosenheim,  Rosin,  Ruge, 
de  Ruyter,  Salomon,  Schelske,  Schuller, 
Schultz,Stadelmann,  Strassmann,  Strauss, 
Tobold,  Westphal,  Wolpert,  Zinn. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Benzinger,  Deutsch,Gunkel, 
Harnack,  Kaftan,  Kleinert,  Miiller, 
Pfleiderer,  Seeberg,  von  Soden,  Strack, 
Weiss,  Wobbermin ;  Docents  Gennrich, 
Holl,  Plath. 

MUSIC. 

Professors  Bel'ermann,  Fleischer  ;  Do- 
cent  Friedlander. 


BONN,  Prussia. 
RHEINISCHE    FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  university  was  founded  in  1818  and  is  under  the  same  general 
regulations  as  all  the  universities  of  Germany;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Twenty-six  women  were  attending  courses  in  the  university  as 
hearers  in  the  winter  semester  of  1898-99. 

Holiday  courses  for  women  teachers  are  given  in  August  by  the 
university  professors.  The  subjects  are  chiefly  philosophical  and 
philological. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Prym; 

Do  cent  Nix. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Buecheler,  El- 
ter,    Usener ;    Docents   Brinkmann, 
Radermacher,  Solmsen. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Jacobi ;  Do- 
cent  Solmsen. 

ENGLISH  :   Professor  Trautmann. 
GERMANIC  :   Professors  Franck,  Litz- 
mann,  Wilmanns  ;  Docenl  Drescher. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Foerster;  Reader 

Gaufinez. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Jacobi. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Bender,  Elter, 
Meyer,     Neuhaeuser ;     Docents    Erd- 
mann,  Wentscher. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :   Professors  Dietzel, 

Gothein. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  v.  Bezold,  Meister, 


Nissen,  Ritter,  Schmitt,  Wiedemann  ; 

Docents  Meister,  Strack. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY:  Professors  Justi, 

Kiippers,  Loeschke  ;  Docents  Clemen, 

Firmenich-Richartz. 
GEOGRAPHY:    Professor  Rein;    Docents 

Philippson,  Reinhertz. 
Music  :  Professor  L.  Wolff. 


MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Deichmiiller, 
Lipschitz,  Kiistner,  Kortum,  Study ; 
Docents  Heffter,  Monnichmeyer. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Kayser,  Lorberg  ; 
Docent  Pfliiger. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Anschiitz, 
Partheil,  Rimbach ;  Docents  Binz, 
Heusler,  Lob,  Schroeter. 

MINERALOGY:  Professor  Laspeyres  ;  Do- 
cent  Kaiser. 


68 


BRESLAU. 


GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Pohlig,  Schl  liter  ; 

Decent  Rauff. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Borgert,  Ludwig, 

Strasburger  ;    Docents  Fischer,  Konig, 

Noll,  Strubell,  Voigt. 
AGRICULTURE  :  Docentvon  der  Goltz. 

LAW. 

Professors  Bergbohm,  Cosack,  Crome, 
Hiibner,  Hiiffer,  Kruger,  Landsberg, 
Loersch,  Pfluger,  v.  Schulte,  Seuffert, 
Zitelmann. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Binz,  Doutrelepont,  Finkeln- 
burg,  Finkler,  Fritsch,  Fuchs,  Geppert, 
la  Valette  St.  George,  Koester,  Leo,  v. 
Mosengeil,  Nussbaum,  Pelmann,  Peters, 
Pfluger,  Saemisch,  Schede,  Schieffer- 


decker,  Schultze,  Ungar,  Walb,  Witzel ; 
Docents  Bleibtreu,  Boennecken,  Bohland, 
Burger,  Dreser,  Eschweiler,  Graff,  Hum- 
melsheim,  Jores,  J.  Kocks,  W.  Kocks, 
Krukenberg,  Kruse,  Petersen,  Pletzer, 
Rieder,  Schmidt,  Schondorff,  Schroder, 
Schultze,  Thomsen,  Wendelstadt,  Wolters. 

THEOLOGY^  PROTESTANT. 

Professors  Bratke,  Goebel,  Grafe, 
Kamphausen,  Meinhold,Ritschl,  Sachsser 
Sell,  Sieffert  ;  Docents  Meyer,  Simons. 

THEOLOGY^    CATHOLIC. 

Professors  Englert,  Esser,  Felten, 
Kellner,  Kaulen,  Kirschkamp,  Langen,. 
Schrors ;  Docent  Rauschen. 


BRESLAU,  Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE    UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Breslau,  founded  in  1506,  admits  women 
under  the  same  restrictions  as  the  University  of  Berlin.  No  degrees 
have  as  yet  been  granted  by  women  by  this  University.  Women 
who  hold  the  Gymnasialabiturientenzeugniss  are  allowed  to  at- 
tend all  the  medical  courses,  including  those  in  anatomy,  but  no 
one  is  admitted  who  does  not  hold  the  certificate  in  question. 
Thirty-one  women  were  attending  courses  in  the  University  in  the 
winter  semester  of  1898-99.  The  general  regulations  are  same  as 
those  of  other  German  universities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:   Professors  De- 

litzsch,  Fraenkel. 

INDO-IRANIAN :  Professors  Hillebrandt, 
Hoffmann ;  Docents  Brockelmann, 
Liebich. 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  F5rster,  Miil- 
ler,  Norden,  Skutsch,  Zacher;  Do- 
cents Cohn,  Kroll,  Wunsch. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Kolbing  ;  Lec- 
turer Pughe. 

GERMANIC:  Professors  Nehring,  Vogt; 
Docents  Bobertag,  Jiriczek,  Koch. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Appel ;  Lecturer 
Fillet. 


RUSSIAN  :  Lecturer  Abicht. 
COMPARATIVE   PHILOLOGY  :    Professors 

Fick,  Hillebrandt. 
HISTORY    OF    LITERATURE  :    Professor 

Koch. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Baeumker,  Eb- 

binghaus,  Freudenthal,  Stern. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE:     Professors    Au- 

hagen,  Sombart,  Wolf. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Caro,  Griinhagen,. 

Kaufmann,  Schulte,  Wilcken. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professor  Mu- 

ther  ;  Docent  Semrau. 
SCIENCE. 
MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 


GERMAN}. 


69 


Jessors  Franz,  Rosanes,  Sturm  ;  Decent 
London. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Heydweiller,  O.  E. 
Meyer. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Ahrens,  Laden- 
burg,  Poleck,  Weiske  ;  Docents  Kiis- 
ter,  Scholtz. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Hintze ;  Do- 
cent  Milch. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Freeh  ;  Docents 
Giirich,  Milch. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Partsch;  Docent 
Leonhard. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Brefeld,  Chun,  Fer- 
dinand, Kukenthal,  Pax,  Stutzer ;  Do- 
cents Braem,  Mez,  Rohde,  Rosen. 
Weberbauer. 

ENGINEERING  :  Docent  Beyer. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professors  Ahrens,  Hol- 
defleiss,  Luedecke,  von  Kiimker,  Stut- 
zer ;  Docents  Beyer,  von  Nathusius, 
Strauch. 

FORESTRY  :  Docent  Kayser. 

VETERINARY  SURGERY  :  Professor  Metz- 
dorf ;  Docent  Strauch. 

LAW. 

Professors  Beling,  Brie,  Bruck,  Dahn, 


Fischer,  Jors,  Leonhard,  Schott ;  Docent 
Heymann. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Born,  Cohn,  Czerny,  Fil- 
ehne,  Fliigge,  Hasse,  Hirt,  Kast,  Kolac- 
zek,  Kiistner,  Lesser,  Magnus,  Mikulicz, 
Neisser,  Partsch,  Ponfick,  Richter,  Roh- 
mann,  Uhthoff,  Wernicke  ;  Docents  Alex- 
ander, Bonhoeffer,  Bruck,  Buchwald, 
Frankel,  Groenouw,  Henke,  Henle, 
Hiller,  Hurthle,  Jacobi,  v.  Kader, 
Kaiser,  Keilmann,  Kionka,  Krienes, 
Kiihnau,  Kiimmel,  Mann,  Peter,  Pfann- 
ensteil,  Reichel,  Riegner,  Sachs,  SchSfer, 
Stern,  Tietze. 

THEOLOGY. 

PROTESTANT  :  Professors  Arnold,  Cor- 
nill,  Hahn,  Kawerau,  Lohr,  Muller, 
Schmidt,  Wrede ;  Docents  Juncker, 
Schulze. 

CATHOLIC  :  Professors  Commer,  Konig, 
Krawutzcky,  Lammer,  Miiller,  Nikel, 
Nurnberger,  Pohle,  Probst,  Schaefer, 
Scholz,  Sdralek  ;  Docents  von  Tessen- 
Wesierski. 


EBLANGEN,  Bavaria. 
KGL.  FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university  was  founded  in  1743,  and  the  general  regulations 
are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German  universities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Women  are  in  general  allowed  to  attend  lectures  at  the  three 
Bavarian  Universities  and  also  to  take  degrees  in  their  philological 
and  scientific  departments.  Nevertheless,  a  woman,  who,  after 
passing  the  final  examinations  of  a  gymnasium,  wished  to  study 
medicine  at  this  university  has  been  refused  permission  to  attend 
lectures  in  anatomy. 

Five  women  were  attending  courses  at  the  university  during  the 
winter  semester  of  1898-99. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Abel. 
CLASSICAL  :     Professors     Heerdegen, 
Romer. 


GERMANIC  :  Professors  Geiger,  Stein- 

meyer. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Schneegans. 
MODERN  :  Professor  Varnhagen. 


FREIBURG  IM  BREISGAU. 


SANSKRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOL- 
OGY :  Professor  Geiger. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Class,  Falcken- 
berg. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Ehe- 
berg,  Neuburg. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Fester,  von  Hegel, 
Pohlmann. 

GEOGRAPHY:  Professor  Pechuel-Loesche; 
Docent  Blanckenhorn. 

ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY:  Professor 
Flasch. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Romer. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Gordan,  Nother. 

PHYSICS  :  ProfessorVfiedemzmn  ;  Docent 
Schmidt. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Busch,  Fischer, 
Paal. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Lenk  ;   Docents 

Blanckenhorn,  v.  Elterlein. 
GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Lenk. 
BIOLOGY:  Professors  Fleischmann,  Reess; 

Docent  Schmidt. 

LAW. 

Professors  Allfeld,  Gengler,  Hellwig, 
Jager,  Kipp,  Rehm,  Sehling. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Eversbush,  Fleischer,  From- 
mel,  LeoGerlach,  Graser,Hauser,  Heim, 
von  Heineke,  Hermann,  Kiesselbach, 
Penzoldt,  Rosenthal,  Specht,  v.  Striim- 
pell ;  Docents  Gessner,  Heinz,  v.  Kryger, 
Miiller,  Schneider,  Spuler. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Caspari,  Ewald,  Ihmels, 
Kolde,  Lotz,  Mtiller,  Zahn  ;  Docent \\ rie- 
gand. 


FREIBURG  IM  BREISGAU,  Baden. 

GROSHERZ.  BAD.  ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Freiburg,  founded  in  1457,  is  one  of  the  three 
universities  of  Germany  that  have  granted  the  degree  of  Doctor  to 
women.  Women  are  admitted  to  university  lectures  under  the 
same  restrictions  as  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg.  (See  p. 
75.)  For  the  general  regulations  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:  Professor  Reck- 

endorf. 
INDO-!RANIAN  :       Professors     Holtz- 

mann,  Thumb. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Hense,  Kalb- 

fleisch,    Schmidt,    Steup,   Thurney- 

sen. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Schroer. 
GERMANIC  :  Professors  Kluge,  Meyer, 

Panzer,  Weissenfels. 
ROMANCE:    Professors  Baist,    Green, 

Levy,  Paufler. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    Professors 

Thumb,  Thurneysen. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors  Cohn,  Grosse, 
Rickert,  Riehl. 


POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  Professors  Fuchs, 

v.  Schulze-Gaevernitz. 
HISTORY  :   Professors  Bienemann,  Dove, 

Fabricius,  Finke,  Michael,  v.  Simson. 
ART    AND     ARCHEOLOGY  :      Professor 

Puchstein,  Studniczka,  Sutler ;  Docent 

Cornelius. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Neumann. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Docent  Zttrn. 
Music :  Docent  Hoppe. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Loewy,  Ltiroth,  Rebman,  Stick- 
elberger. 
PHYSICS  :  Professors  Himstedt,  Meyer. 


GERMANY. 


CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Claus,  Willger- 

odt;  Docents  Edinger,  Fromm. 
MINERALOGY  :  Professors  Graeff,  Stein- 

mann. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Boehm 
BIOLOGY :    Professors  Gruber,    Hacker, 

Oltmanns,  Weismann  ;  Docent  Fritze. 
AGRICULTURE:  Professor  v.  Schulze-Gae- 

vernitz. 

LAW. 

Professors  Eisele,  Merkel,  von  Roh- 
land,  Rosin,  Riimelin,  Schmidt,  Stutz ; 
Docents  Schmezer,  Sieveking. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bartels,  Bass,  Bloch,  B5um- 


ler,  Emminghaus,  Goldmann,  Hegarr 
Hildebrand,  v.  Kahlden,  Keibel,  Killian, 
Kiliani,  Kirn,  Knies,  Korn,  Kraske,  von 
Kries,  Jacobi,  Manz,  Miiller,  Schinzinger, 
Schottelius,  Sonntag,  Wiedersheim, 
Wiedow,  Ziegler;  Docents  Autenrieth, 
Bulius,  Clemens,  v.  Dungern,  Gaupp, 
Nagel,  Reerink,  Ritschl,  Roos,  Schule, 
Sellheim,  Treupel. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Baumgartner,  Braig,  Heiner, 
Hoberg,  Keppler,  Kraus,  Krieg,  Kiins- 
tle,  Ruckert,  Trenkle,  Weber. 


GIESSEN,  Hesse. 
GROSSHERZOGL.  HESSISCHE    LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  University  was  founded  in  1607,  and  the  general  regulations 
are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German  universities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

It  is  the  first  university  in  Germany  to  take  action  in  regard 
to  admitting  women  on  the  same  footing  as  men.  In  January,  1899, 
the  Senate  decided  by  a  large  majority  to  admit  women  who  have 
obtained  the  Reifezeugniss  of  a  gymnasium  or  of  a  Realschule  of 
the  first  order  as  matriculated  students  in  the  Faculties  of  Phil- 
osophy and  Law.  Up  to  the  present  no  women  have  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  university. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 


LANGUAGES. — INDO-!RANIAN:  Professor 

Earth  olomse. 
CLASSICAL:   Professors  A.  Dieterich, 

Gundermann. 

ENGLISH:    Professors   Pichler,  Wetz. 
GERMANIC:  Professor  Behagel;  Docents 

Collin,  Pichler,  Strack. 
ROMANCE:  Professors  Behrens,  Pichler. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor   Siebeck  ;    Do- 
cent  Kinkel. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Laspeyres. 

HISTORY:  Professors  Hohlbaum,  Oncken; 

Docents  J.   R.  Dieterich,  Kernemann. 


ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY:     Professor 

Sauer. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Sievers. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Schiller. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Fromme,  Netto,  Pasch  ;  Docent 
Haussner. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Fromme,  Scholl, 
Wiener. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Elbs,  Naumann; 
Docents  Eidmann,  Rhode,  Schon, 
Schwarzmann . 


72  GGTTINGEN. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Brauns.  MEDICINE. 

BIOLOGY  :   Professors  Hansen,  Spengel,  Professors   Bose,  Bostroem,   Eckhard, 

v.  Wagner.  Fuhr>  Gaehtgens,  Gaffky,  Geppert,  Loh- 

AGRICULTURE:      Professors     Hess,    v.  lei      Poppert5    Riegel)    Sommer.   Stein- 

Mmden,  Thaer,  Wimmenauer.  briigge,  Sticker,  Strahl,  Vossius,  Walther; 

Docents  Baur,  Henneberg,  Koppe. 
LAir. 

„       -  „.  -p.  T-        i  THEOLOGY. 

Professors   Biermann,    Braun,    Frank,       T,  „     - 

Giinther,     Heimburger       Jung,     Leist        ^OTESTANT  :  Professors  Baldenspeiger, 
01  J  Holtzmann,     Kattenbusch,      Kostlm, 

OLllIIllCIL.  -rr       ..  O1 

Jvruger,  btade. 


GUTTIMGEN,  Prussia. 
GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Gottingen,  founded  in  1737,  is  one  of  the  four 
universities  in  Germany  that  have  granted  the  degree  of  Doctor  to 
women.  In  1893  its  doors  were  first  opened  to  women  students, 
and  from  the  beginning  a  certain  official  position  has  been  given  to 
them,  although  they  are  not  allowed  to  matriculate,  and  the  appli- 
cation of  any  individual  candidate  for  admission  may  be  refused  at 
the  option  of  the  university  authorities. 

The  university  library,  reading  rooms  and  the  special  reading 
rooms  for  separate  subjects  are  open  to  women  students  as  freely 
as  to  men  students  and  upon  the  same  conditions.  Four  women 
have  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  this  university 
within  the  last  few  years.  Twenty-one  women  were  attending 
courses  in  the  University  as  hearers  during  the  summer  semester  of 
1898. 

The  mathematical  seminary  has  issued  a  programme  of  study  to 
aid  students  in  choosing  the  most  profitable  arrangement  of  lectures, 
etc. 

Fees  are  paid  to  the  Quaestor  of  the  University.  The  general 
regulations  are  the  same  as  for  other  German  Universities ;  see 

pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

JRTS.  CLASSICAL:   Professors  Dilthey,  Kai- 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:     Professors  bel,  Leo,  Meyer  ;  Docents  Schulten, 

Pietschmann,  Rahlfs,  Smend,  Well-  Schulze,  Wentzel. 

hausen  ;  Docents  Liiders,  Schulthess.  ENGLISH  :  Professor  Morsbach  ;  Lector 

INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Kielhorn.  Tamson. 


GERMAN}. 


73 


GERMANIC:  Professors  Heyne,  Roethe; 
Docent  Meissner. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Slimming  ;  Lec- 
tor Sechehaye. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Schulze. 
PHILOSOPHY  :       Professors     Baumann, 

Miiller,  Peipers,  Rehnisch. 
POLITICAL   SCIENCE  :    Professors  Cohn, 

Ehrenberg,  Lexis. 
HISTORY  :    Professors    Kehr,    Krauske, 

Lehmann,    Willrich  ;  Docent  Busold. 
ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :       Professor 

Vischer. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Wagner. 
Music :  Professor  Freiberg. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:   Pro- 
fessors Hilbert,   Klein,  Schur,   Voigt ; 

Docents   Ambronn,   Bohlmann,    Bren- 

del,  Sommer. 
PHYSICS:  Professors  Des  Coudres,  Nernst, 

Riecke,       Voigt ;       Docents     Simon, 

Wiechert. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Fischer,  Nernst, 

Polstorff,    Wallach;    Docents  Abegg, 

Coehn,  Koetz,  Lorenz. 
MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Liebisch. 


GEOLOGY  :  Professor  von  Koenen. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Berthold,  Ehlers, 
Peter  ;  Docents  Henking,  Rhumbler. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professors  BUrger, 
Fleischmann,  Griepenkerl,  Lehmann, 
E.  Meyer,  v.  Seelhorst,  Tollens. 


Professors  Andr£,  von  Bar,  Detmold, 
Dove,  Ehrenberg,  Frensdorff,  v.  Hippel, 
Merkel,  Planck,  Regelsberger,  v.  Sa- 
vigny. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Aschoff,  Beneke,  Borattam, 
Braun,  Biirkner,  Cramer,  Damsch,  Droy- 
sen,  Ebstein,  Esmarch,  Esser,  Heitmuller, 
Hildebrand,  Husemann,  Jacobi,  Kallius, 
Kdnig,  Lohmeyer,  Marme,  Meissner, 
Merkel,  Meyer,  Nicolaier,  Orth,  Rosen- 
bach,  Runge,  Schmidt- Rimpler,  Sultan  ; 
Docents  v.  Reichenbach,  Schreiber. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Althaus,  Bonwetsch,  Knoke, 
Schader,  Schultz,  Schiirer,  Smend, 
Tschackert,  Wiesinger,  Zorn ;  Docents 
Achelis,  Bousset,  Hackmann,  Otto, 
Rahlfs,  Wellhausen. 


GREIFSWALD,  Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE   UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Greifswald,  founded  in  1456,  admits  women 
under  the  same  restrictions  as  the  University  of  Berlin.  No  degrees 
have  as  yet  been  granted  to  women  by  this  university.  A  summer 
course  in  literature,  philosophy,  etc.,  is  held  from  July  zothto  July 
28th.  It  is  open  to  foreigners,  both  men  and  women  and  is  largely 
attended. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German 
universities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Kess- 

ler. 
ORIENTAL  :  Professors  Ahlwardt,  Zim- 

mer  ;  Docent  Heller. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Gercke,  Korte. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Quiggin. 


GERMANIC  :  Professors  Bruinier,  Reif- 
ferscheid,  Siebs  ;  Docent  Stengel ; 
Reader  Conlet. 

ROMANCE  :   Professor  Brandin. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Zimmer. 


74  HALLE. 

PHILOSOPHY  :        Professors      Relimke,  BIOLOGY  :    Professor    Schiitt ;    Docents 

Schmekel,  Schuppe.  Moeller,  Miiller. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE:    Professors    Bier- 

mer,  Stock,  Struck,  Waentig ;  Docent  _,".             _ 

Schmoele  Professors       Bierlmg,       Frommhold,, 

HISTORY  :    ' Professors    Bernheim,     Pyl,  Kriickmann,  Pescatore,  Stampe,  Stoerk, 

Seeck,  Ulmann;  Docents  Altmann.  Weismann ;  Docents  v.   Marck,  Medem, 

ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY:  Professor  Preu-  MEDICINE. 

ner*  Professors  Arndt,  Ballowitz,  Beumer, 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Credner.  Bier,  Bonnet,  Grawitz,  Krabler,  Landois, 

Loffler,   Mosler,  Peiper,    Pernice,  Rose- 
mann,    O.     Schirmer,     Schulz,     Solger, 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro-  Strubing,    Tilmann,    Triepel ;     Decent* 

fessors  Study,  Thome  Bus       Gerulanos    Helferich,  Hoffmann, 

PHYSICS  :     Professors   Holtz,    Richarz ;  Ldck    StQe               preuSchen. 

Docent  Schreber. 

CHEMISTRY  :       Professors      Limpricht,  THEOLOGY. 

Schwanert ;  Docents  Posner,  Semmler.  Professors  Bosse,  Cremer,  Haussleiter, 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Cohen.  Liitgert,  v.  Nathusius,  Oettli,  Schultze, 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Deecke.  Zockler  ;  Docents  Lezius,  Volck. 

HALLiE,   Prussia. 

VEREINIGTE    FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT    HALLE-WITTEN- 
BERG. 

In  order  to  attend  lectures  at  the  University  of  Halle  women  stu- 
dents must  obtain  permission  from  the  Prussian  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion and  from  the  individual  professors  whose  courses  they  desire 
to  hear. 

In  making  application  to  the  Minister  the  candidate  must  state 
the  course  of  study  to  be  pursued  and,  in  so  far  as  is  possible,  the 
names  of  the  professors  under  whom  she  wishes  to  work.  Fifteen 
women  were  attending  courses  as  hearers  during  the  winter  semester 
of  1898-99;  six  of  these  attended  the  courses  in  medicine  and  were 
admitted  to  the  lectures  on  anatomy. 

The  doctors  and  students  attached  to  the  hospitals  in  Halle  have 
protested  against  the  action  of  the  medical  faculty  in  admitting 
women  to  courses  in  medicine. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  for  other  German  uni- 
versities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.— SEMITIC  :    Professor  Pra-          INDO-!RANIAN  :     Professors    Pischel, 
torius  ;  Docents  Fischer,  Jacob.  Zachariae  ;   Docent  Schmidt. 


GERMANY. 


CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bechtel,  Blass, 
Dittenberger,     Wissowa ;     Docents 
Ihm,  Maurenbrecher. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Wagner ;  Reader 

Thistlethwaite. 

GERMANIC:  Professors  Burdach,Haym, 
Riehl,    Strauch ;    Docents   Bremer, 
Collitz,  Meier,  Saran,  Schultze. 
ROMANCE  :    Professor    Suchier ;    Do- 
cents Heuckenkamp,  Simon,  Wechs- 
sler,  Wiese. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY:    Professors 

Bechtel,  Zachariae. 

PHILOSOPHY  :        Professors      Erdmann, 
Haym,    Uphues,   Vaihinger;    Docents 
Husserl,  Schwarz. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Conrad, 

Friedberg,  Kahler. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Droysen,  Ewald, 
Hertzberg,  Lindner,  Meyer,  Rachfahl; 
Docents  Erode,  von  Heinemann,  von 
Ruville,  Sommerlad. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Kirchhoff ;  Do- 
cents Schenck,  Ule 

ART    AND     ARCHEOLOGY  :      Professor 
Robert ;  Docents  Kautzsch,  Wernicke. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Docent  Fries. 
Music  :  Professor  Reubke. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Cantor,  Eberhard,  Gutzmer, 
Wangerin. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Schmidt ;  Docent 
Roloff. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Doebner,  Vol- 
hard  ;  Docents  Baumert,  Chess,  Erd- 
mann, Vorlander. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Luedecke;  Do- 
cents v.  Kraatz-Koschlau. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  v.  Fritsch. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Grenacher,  Klebs, 
O.  Taschenberg ;  Docents  Brandes, 
Schulz. 

AGRICULTURE:  Professors  Albert,  Kuehn, 
Maercker,  Wtist ;  Docents  Cluss, 
Disselhorst,  Falke,  Fischer,  Freytag, 
Holdefleiss,  Knoch,  Lorenz,  v.  Men- 
del-Steinfels,  Muller. 

LAW. 

Professors  Arndt,  Boretius,  v.  Bruen- 
neck,  van  Calker,  Endemann,  Fitting, 
Heck,  v.  Hollander,  Lastig,  Liepmann, 
v.  Liszt,  Loening,  Rietschel,  Rosenfeld, 
Schulte,  Stammler,  Stein. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bernstein,  v.  Bramann, 
Bunge,  Eberth,  Fehling,  Frankel,  Genz- 
mer,  Harnack,  v.  Hippel,  Hitzig,  Kohl- 
schiitter,  v.  Mering,  Oberst,  Pott,  Roux, 
Schwarz,  Schwartze,  Seeligmiiller, 
Weber  ;  Docents,  Braunschweig,  Eisler, 
Endres,  Grunert,  Haasler,  Heilbronner, 
v.  Herff,  Hessen,  Hessler,  Jensen,  Koer- 
ner,  Kromayer,  Leser,  Mehnert,  Reine- 
both,  Sobernheim,  Vahlen. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Beyschlag,  Eichhorn, 
Haupt,  Hering,  Kaehler,  Kautzsch, 
Koestlin,  Loofs,  Reischle,  Rothstein, 
Warneck ;  Docents  Beer,  Clemen, 
Ficker,  Scheibe,  Stange,  Steuernagel. 


HEIDELBERG,  Baden. 
GROSSHERZOGLICHE   RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Heidelberg,  founded  in  1386,  has  granted 
the  degree  of  Doctor  to  several  women.  Women  who  obtain  the 
permission  of  the  Dekan  of  the  Faculty  in  question  and  of  the  indi- 
vidual professors  may  attend  lectures  at  the  university.  The  semi- 
naries and  laboratories  of  certain  professors  have  been  opened  to 
individual  women.  Twelve  women  were  attending  courses  in  the 
university  as  hearers  during  the  winter  semester  of  1898—99. 


76 


JENA. 


Permission  to  take  the  Doctor's  examination  is  granted  by  the 
Philosophical  Faculty,  each  case  being  considered  separately  by  the 
Faculty. 

Fees  are  paid  to  the  Quaestor  of  the  University.  The  general 
regulations  are  the  same  as  for  other  German  universities ;  see  pp. 

62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — INDO-!RANIAN  :     Profes- 
sors    Bezold,     Briinnow,     Lefman, 
Osthoff,  Sutterlin. 
CLASSICAL:  Professors  Crusius,  Osthoff, 

Scholl ;  Decent  Baumstark. 
ENGLISH  :    Professors    Hoops,    Ihne. 
GERMANIC  :  Professors  Braune,  Kahle, 
Meyer,  von  Waldberg,  Wunderlich  ; 
Docents  Ehrismann,  Waag. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Neumann  ;  Do- 
cents  Schneegans,  Vossler. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    Professors 

Brandt,  Lefman. 
PHILOSOPHY  :     Professors    K.    Fischer, 

Hensel ;   Do  cent  Arnsperger. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :    Professors  Leser, 

Weber ;  Docent  Kindermann. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Hettner,  Wolf. 
HISTORY  :    Professors  v.   Domaszewski, 
Erdmannsdorffer,  Kleinschmidt,  Koch, 
Neumann,  Schafer,  Scherrer  ;  Docent 
Cartellieri. 
ART   AND   ARCHEOLOGY  :    von   Duhn, 

Eisenlohr,  Thode,  Zangemeister. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Profissor  Uhlig. 
Music  :  Professor  Wolfrum. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Cantor,  Eisenlohr,  Koehler, 
KSnigsberger,  Landsberg,  Valentiner, 
Wolf. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Quincke ;  Docent 
Precht. 

CHEMISTRY:    Professors  Auwers,  Born- 


trager,  Briihl,  Bunsen,  Curtius,  Gatter- 
mann,  H.  Goldschmidt,  Horstmann, 
Jannasch,  Knovenagel,  Krafft ;  Docent 
Dittrich. 

MINERALOGY:  Professors  v.  Goldschmidt, 
Osann,  Rosenbusch. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Rosenbusch,  Salo- 
mon, Sauer,  Schmidt. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Askenasy,  Butschli, 
Haller,  Koch,  Pfitzer,  Schuberg ;  Do- 
cent Lauterhorn. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Stengel. 

LAW. 
Professors     Bekker,     Buhl,    Jellinek, 

Karlowa,  von  Kirchenheim,  v.  Lilienthal, 

Meyer,  Schroder,  Seng,  Strauch;  Docents 

Affolter,    Hatschek,     His,    Mittermaier, 

Schmidt. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Arnold,  v.  Beck,  Cramer, 
Czerny,  Dinkier,  Erb,  Ernst,  Ewald, 
Fleiner,  Gegenbaur,  Gottlieb,  Bessel- 
Hagen,  Hoffmann,  Jordan,  Jurasz,  Kai- 
ser, Kehrer,  Klaatsch,  Knauff,  Kraepelin, 
Kiihne,  Leber,  Lessen,  Maurer,  Oppen- 
heimer,  Passow,  Schottlander,  Vierordt, 
Weiss;  Docents  Aschaffenberg,  Bettmann, 
Brauer,  Cohnheim,  Fischer,  Goppert, 
Hammer,  v.  Hippel,  Marwedel,  Nissl, 
Petersen,  Schaeffer,  Schmidt,  Vulpius. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bassermann,  Deissmann, 
Griitzmacher,  Hausrath,  Kneucker, 
Lemme,  Merx,  Rohrhurst,  Troeltsch ; 
Docent  Schmitthenner. 


JEXA,  Saxe-Weimar. 
GROSSHERZOGL.  UND    HERZOGL.  SACHSISCHE 

GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. 

This  university,  founded    in    1558,  is    under   the  same  general 
regulations  as  other  German  universities;   see  pp.  62-64. 


GERMANY. 


77 


Women  are  not  allowed  to  attend  lectures  at  the  university,  but 
are  admitted  as  candidates  for  the  Doctor's  degree  provided  they 
have  attended  a  university  as  matriculated  students  for  at  least  six 
semesters  and  have  had  the  required  previous  training. 

Holiday  courses  for  women  teachers  and  others  are  held  by  the 
university  professors  in  August.  The  subjects  are  philosophy, 
philology,  the  natural  sciences,  pedagogy,  history  of  religion,  and 
there  are  courses  in  the  German  language  and  literature  for  for- 
eigners. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor  Wil- 

helm  ;  Docent  Hilgenfeld. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professors  Cappeller, 
Delbruck,  Schrader,    Vollers,  Wil- 
helm. 
CLASSICAL:    Professors  Gelzer,  Gotz, 

Hirzel ;  Docent  Schlosser. 
GERMANIC  :     Professors     Leitzmann, 

Michels. 

ENGLISH  :  Reader  Keller. 
ROMANCE  :  Professer  Cloetta. 
COMPARATIVE     PHILOLOGY    Professors 

Delbruck,  Schrader. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Eucken,  Lieb- 

mann ;  Docent  Dinger. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Pierstorff ; 

Docent  Anton. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Gelzer,  Liebenam, 
Lorenz ;  Docents  Keutgen,  Mentz,  S. 
Stoj. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Dove. 
ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professors 
Gaedechens,  Noack  ;    Docent  Weber. 
PEDAGOGY:  Professor  Rein;  Docent  Stoy. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 


fessors Abbe,  Frege,  Schaffer,  Thomae  ; 

Docent  Knopf. 
PHYSICS  :  Professors  Auerbach,  Schaffer, 

Winkelmann;  Docents  Duden,Straubel. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Knorr,  Wolff ; 

Docent  Gaenge. 
GEOLOGY:    Professors  Linck,  Walther ; 

Docent  Steuer. 
BIOLOGY:  Professors  Detmer,  Haeckel, 

Pick,  Stahl,  Ziegler. 
AGRICULTURE:  Professors  Edler,  Pfeiffer, 

Settegast. 

LAW. 

Professors  Danz,  Kniep,  Langenbeck, 
Leist,  Loning,  Rosenthal,  Schoen, 
Schultze,  Thon. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  v.  Bardeleben,  Biedermann, 
Binswanger,  Engelhardt,  Fiirbringer, 
GSrtner,  Kessel,  Krehl,  Matthes,  Muller, 
Riedel,  Schillbach,  Schultze,  Seidel, 
Skutsch,  Stintzing,  Verworn,  Wagen- 
mann,  Ziehen ;  Docents  Braus,  Gum- 
precht,  Hertel,  Schulz,  Witzel. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Drews,  Hilgenfeld,  Nip- 
pold,  Seyerlen,  Siegfried,  Wendt ;  Do- 
cents Baentsch,  von  Dobschutz. 


KIEL,,  Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE    CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS    UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Kiel  was  founded  in  1665.  The  general 
regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German  universities ;  see 
pp.  62-64. 

Eleven  women  were  attending  courses  in  the  university  as  hearers 
during  the  winter  semester  of  1898-99. 


78 


KONIGSBERG. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Hoff- 
mann ;  Do  cent  Lidzbarski. 
INDO-!RANIAN  :  Professor  Oldenberg. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bruns,  Schone. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Sarrazin  ;  Reader 

Gough. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  Gering,  Kauff- 
mann  ;  Docents  Groth,  Stosch,  Uhl, 
Wolff. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Korting  ;  Reader 

Schenk. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Oldenberg  ;  Docent  Cauer. 
I'HILOSOPHY:   Professors  Deussen,  Mar- 

tius ;  Docents  Adickes. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE:    Professors    Has- 

bach,  Seelig  ;  Docent  Tonnies. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Krummel. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Rodenberg,  Schir- 

ren,  Volquardsen  ;  Docent  Unzer. 
ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors 
Milchhoefer,  Matthaei ;  Docents  Ehr- 
enberg. 
Music  :  Docent  Stange. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Harzer,  Kreutz,  Pochhammer, 
Stackel. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Ebert,  Karsten, 
Lenard,  Weber. 


CHEMISTRY  :    Professors   Claisen,   Rtig- 

heimer ;    Docents  Berend,  Biltz,   Em- 

merling,  Stoehr. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Lehmann. 
GEOLOGY  :    Professors  Haas,  Lehmann  ; 

Docent  Stolley. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors   Brandt,    Reinke  ; 

Docents  Apstein,   Karsten,  Lohmann, 

Schneidemiihl,  Vanhoffen. 
AGRICULTURE  :  Profes  or  Rodewald. 

LAIV. 

Professors  Frantz,  Hanel,  Kleinfeller, 
Niemeyer,  Pappenheim,  Schlossmann, 
Weyl  ;  Docents  Leidig,  Thomseri. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bier,  Bockendahl,  Falck, 
Fischer,  Flemming,  Heller,  Hensen, 
Hoppe-Seyler,  Petersen,Quincke,v.  Spec, 
v.  Starck,  Volckers,  Werth ;  Docents 
Doehle,  Fricke,  Glaevecke,  Heermann, 
Hochhaus,  Holscher,  Jessen,  Kirch- 
hoff,  Klein,  Meves,  Nicolai,  Paulsen, 
Seeger. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Baumgarten,  Bosse,  Klos- 
termann,  Miihlau,  v.  Schubert,  Titius ; 
Docent  Riedel. 


KONIGSBEBG,  Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE   ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Konigsberg  was  founded  in  1544.  The  gen- 
eral regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German  universities ; 
see  pp.  62-64.  Thirty-four  women  were  attending  courses  in  the 
university  as  hearers  in  the  winter  semester,  1898-99. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Jahn; 

Docents  Peiser,  Rost. 
INDO-IRANIAN :  Professor  Franke. 
CLASSICAL  :     Professors    Brinkmann, 
Friedlander,  Jeep,  Ludwich,  Ross- 
bach  ;  Docent  Tolkiehn. 


ENGLISH  :  Professors  Kaluza,  Kissner. 
GERMANIC  :       Professors      Baumgart, 

Schade;   Docent  Uhl. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Kissner  ;  Reader 

Scharff. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 
Bezzenberger. 


GERMANY. 


79 


PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Busse,  Walter. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:    Professors   Diehl, 

Gerlach,  Umpfenbach. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Erler,   Lohmeyer, 

Prutz,    Rlihl,    Schubert;    Docent   Im- 

mich. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Hahn. 
ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professor 

Handcke  ;    Docent  Ehrenberg. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Franz  Meyer,  Saalschiitz, 
Schoenflies,  Struve,  Volkmann ;  Do- 
cents  Cohn,  Rahts,  Vahlen. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Pape,  Volkmann  ; 
Docent  Wiechert. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Blochmann, 
Klinger,  Lessen ;  Docents  Gutzeit, 
LSwenberg,  Lowenherz. 

MINERALOGY:  Professor  Mugge;  Docents 
Jentzsch,  Schellwien. 

GEOLOGY:  Docents  Jentzsch,  Schellwien. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Braun,  Luerssen  ; 
Docent  Liihe. 


AGRICULTURE  :     Professors     Backhaus, 
Gisevius ;  Docent  Rorig. 


Professors  Gareis,  Gradenwitz,  Giiter- 
bock,  Salkowski,  Schirmer,  Zorn;  Docent 
Hubrich. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Berthold,  Braun,  Caspary, 
v.  Eiselsberg,  v.  Esmarch,  Falkenheim, 
Griinhagen,  Hermann,  Jaffe,  Kuhnt, 
Lichtheim,  Meschede,  Minister,  Nau- 
werck,  Neumann,  Samuel,  Schneider, 
Schreiber,  Seydel,  Stieda,  Winter, 
Zander ;  Docents  M.  Askanazy,  S.  Ask- 
anazy,  Braatz,  Cohn,  Dobbelin,  Gerber, 
Hallervorden,  Heisrath,  Hilbert,  Jager, 
Kafemann,  Lange,  Leutert,  Munster, 
Prutz,  Rosinski,  Stamer,  Stetter,  Valen- 
tini,  Weiss. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Benrath,  Dalmer,  Dorner, 
Giesebrecht,  Jacoby,  Sommer,  Voigt ; 
Readers  Hoffmann,  Lackner,  Pelka.  • 


LEIPZIG,   Saxony. 
UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Leipzig,  founded  in  1409,  is  not  officially 
open  to  women,  although  women  have  for  a  number  of  years  been 
permitted  to  attend  certain  courses  at  the  university.  They  have  no 
standing  as  students  and  are  in  no  cases  granted  degrees.  Permis- 
sion to  attend  lectures  must  be  obtained  from  the  Minister  of  Edu- 
cation in  Saxony.  In  many  cases  the  seminaries  and  laboratories 
have  been  opened  to  women  students. 

In  the  Medical  Faculty  nearly  all  the  courses  except  clinical 
courses  and  all  laboratories  except  the  anatomical  laboratory  have 
been  attended  by  women. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German 
universities  ;  see  pp.  62-64. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — INDO-IRANIAN:  Professors 
Lindner,  Socin,  Windisch ;  Docent 
Stumme. 


ORIENTAL  :  Professors  Conrady,  Zim- 

mern;  Docents  Bloch,  Schwarz. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Cichorius,  Im- 


8o 


MARBURG, 


misch,     Lipsius,     Marx,     Schmitt, 
Wachsmuth,  Zarncke. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Wiilker  ;  Reader 

Lake. 

GERMANIC  AND  SLAVONIC  :  Professors 
v.     Bahder,     Elster,     Hirt,     Holz, 
Koster,   Leskien,    Mogk,    Scholvin, 
Sievers,  Witkowski,  Wollner. 
ROMANCE  :    Profe  sors   Birch- Hirsch- 
feld,  F.  Settegast,  Weigand ;  Reader 
Duchesne. 
COMPARATIVE   PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Brugmann  ;    Docent  Hirt. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Earth,  Heinze, 
Striimpell,    Wundt ;    Docents    Mentz, 
Richter,  Storring,  H.  Wolff. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Biicher, 
Fricker,  Hasse,  Stieda  ;  Docents  Lam- 
bert, Pohle,  Richter,  Walcker. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Biedermann,  Buch- 
holz,    Cichorius,    Gardthausen,    Lam- 
precht,     Marcks,     Seeliger ;     Docents 
Brandenburg,    Daenell,  Gotz,  Kaerst, 
Salomon,  Sorensen,  Weissbach. 
ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors 
Brockhaus,     Schmarsow,     Schneider, 
Schreiber,  Steindorff,  Studniczka;  Do- 
cent  Kautzsch. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors  Ratzel,  Sieglin; 

Docents  Fischer,  Hassert. 
PEDAGOGY:    Professors  Barth,  Richter, 
Volkelt. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Bruns,  Engel,  Holder,  Karl 
Mayer,  Neumann,  von  Oettingen, 
Scheibner  ;  Docents  Hausdorff,  Nieper. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Drude,  Wiedeburg, 
Wiener;  Docents  O.  Fischer,  Knob- 
lauch, Mentz. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Beckmann,  Le 
Blanc,  Ostwald,  Weddige,  Wisli- 
cenus;  Docents  Euler,  Rassow,  Stobbe, 
Wagner. 


GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Credner,  Felix. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors    Ambronn,    Chun, 

A.   Fischer,  Fraisse,   Looss,   Marshall,. 

Pfeffer,     Schmidt,     Simroth ;     Docent 

zur  Strassen. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Zirkel. 
AGRICULTURE:  Professors  Eber,  Fischer, 

Howard,  Kirchner,  Strecker. 

LAW. 

Professors  Binding,  Burchard,  v.  De- 
genkolb,  Friedberg,  Goetz,  Haeper 
Holder,  Rieker,  Schmidt,  Sohm,  Stein, 
Strohal,  Voigt,  Wach  ;  Docents  Engel  - 
mann,  Kloeppel,  Stintzing,  Triepel. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Altmann,  Barth,  Birch- 
Hirschfeld,  Boehm,  Carus,  Curschmann, 
Eigenbrodt,  Fick,  Fischer,  Flechsig, 
Friedrich,  Hagen,  Held,  Hennig, 
Hering,  Hesse,  Wilhelm  His,  Fried- 
rich  Albin  Hoffmann,  Franz  Hofmann, 
Kockel,  Kolliker,  Romberg,  Riehl, 
Sanger,  Sattler,  Schmidt,  Schoen, 
Schroeter,  Schwarz,  Siegfried,  Solt- 
mann,  Tillmanns,  Trendelenburg,  Win- 
ter, Zweifel ;  Docents  Dolega,  Ficker, 
Friedheim,  Friedlander,  E.  P.  Friedrich, 
Garten,  Haake,  Heymann,  Wilhelm  His, 
Jr.,  F.  B.  Hofmann,  Kaestner,  Koll- 
mann,  Kroenig,  Kriickmann,  Ktister,. 
Lange,  von  Lesser,  Menge,  Naumann, 
Passler,  Perthes,  Schutz,  Tschermak, 
Wagner,  Wflms,  Windscheid. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Brieger  Dalman,  Fricke, 
Gregory,  Guthe,  Hauck,  Heinrici,  Hof- 
mann, Kirn,  Kittel,  Luthardt,  Rietschel, 
Schnedermann,Thieme;  Docents  Bohmer, 
Holscher,  Kunze,  Seesemann. 

MUSIC. 

Professor  Kretzschmar;  Docents  Priifer, 
Riemann. 


MARBURG,    Prussia. 
UNIVERSITAT. 


The  University  of  Marburg,  founded  in  1527,  is  open  to  women 
under  the  same  restrictions  as  the  University  of  Berlin;   see  p.  65. 


GERMANY. 


Si 


Twenty-three  women  were  attending  courses  in  the  university 
as  hearers  during  the  summer  semester,  1898,  and  ten  during  the 
winter  semester,  1898-99. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German 
universities ;  see  pp.  62—64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :   Professor  Jen- 
sen. 
CLASSICAL:    Professors  Birt,    Maass ; 

Docent  Thiele. 
ENGLISH  :    Professor  Victor ;    Reader 

Tilley. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Schroeder  ;  Do- 
cent  Wrede. 
ROMANCE  :      Professor      Koschwitz ; 

Reader  Doutrepont. 

SANSKRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOL- 
OGY :  Professors  Justi,  Kretschmer, 
Docent  Finck. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Bergmann,  Co- 
hen, Natorp  ;  Docent  Kiihnemann. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Olden- 
berg,  Rathgen  ;  Docent  Waentig. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  v.  Below,  Brandi, 
Konnecke,  Niese,  von  der  Ropp  ;  Do- 
cents  Diemar,  Judeich,  Wenck. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Fischer. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professors  von 
Drach,  von  Sybel. 

SCIENCE.  Professors    Achelis,     von    Baudissin, 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro-  Cremer,     Herrmann,     Julicher,    Mirbt, 

fessors  Feussner,  Hess,  Schottky  ;  Do-  Weiss,  Werner;  Docents  Bauer,  Kraetzsch- 

centv.  Dalwigk.  mar. 


PHYSICS  :  Professors  Feussner,  Melde. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Fittica,  Rathke, 
Schmidt,  Zincke ;  Docents  Fritsch, 
Gadamer,  Schaum,  Schenck. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Bauer. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Kayser. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Kohl,  Korschelt, 
Meyer  ;  Docent  Brauer. 

LAW. 

Professors  Enneccerus,  Lehmann, 
Leonhard,  Sartorius,  Trager,  Wochen- 
feld,  Westerkamp  ;  Docent  Meyer. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Ahlfeld,  Behring,  Disse, 
Enderlen,  Gasser,  Hess,  v.  Heusinger, 
Kossel,  Kuster,  Lahs,  Mannkopff,  Mar- 
chand,  Meyer,  Miiller,  Nebelthau,  Ost- 
mann,  Tuczek,  Wernicke;  Docents  Al- 
brecht,  Buchholz,  Heine,  Kuhne,  Saxer, 
Zumstein. 

THEOLOGY. 


MUNICH,  Bavaria. 
KONIGL.  LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  university  was  founded  in  1472,  and  is  under  the  same  gen- 
eral regulations  as  the  other  German  universities;  see  pp.  62—64. 

Advanced  women  students  are  allowed  to  attend  certain  lectures 
at  the  university  as  hearers  provided  that  they  can  prove  that  they 
are  sufficiently  prepared.  Application  for  admission  should  be 
made  to  the  Minister  of  Education  in  Munich. 


82 


MUNICH. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:  Professor  Rom- 
mel ;  Docent  Dyroff. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professors  Kuhn,  von 
der    Schulenberg ;    Docents    Scher- 
mann,  Simon. 

CHINESE:  Docent  von  der  Schulenberg. 

CLASSICAL  :    Professors  v.    Christ,   v. 

Miiller,  v.Woelfflin;  Docents  Drerup, 

Oehmichen,     von     der      Pfordten, 

Traube,  Weyman. 

BYZANTINE  AND    MODERN    GREEK  : 

Professor  Krumbacher. 
ENGLISH:    Professor  Schick;  Docent 

Sieper ;  Reader  Blinkhorn. 
GERMANIC  :  Professors  Muncker,  Paul; 

Docents  Borinski,  Woerner. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Breymann  ;  Do- 
cent Hartmann ;  Reader  Pirson. 
HISTORY    OF    MODERN  LITERATURE  : 

Professor  Woerner. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Kuhn. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors    Guttler,    von 

Hertling,  Lipps ;  Docent  Cornelius. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :   Professors  Bren- 
tano,   Gayer,   Lotz,  v.  Mayr ;  Docent 
Wasserrab. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Friedrich,  Grauert, 
v.  Heigel,  Oberhummer,  Riezler,  Si- 
monsfeld ;  Docents  Doeberl,  Mayr, 
Traube. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Oberhummer. 
ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY:     Professors 
FurtwSngler,    Riehl,    Riggauer ;    Do- 
cents Bulle,  Weese. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Bauer,  Ebermayer,  Lindemann, 
Pringsheim,  Seeliger;  Docents  Anding, 
Brunn,  Doehlemann,  Erk,  Korn,  v. 
Weber. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Graetz,  von  Lom- 
mel ;  Docent  Donle. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  v.  Baeyer,  Hof- 
mann,  Hilger,  Koenigs,  Muthmann, 
Thiele  ;  Docents  Bergeat,  Dieckmann, 
Rothmund,  Willstatter. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Groth. 
GEOLOGY  :    Professors    Rothpletz,     von 

Zittel  ;      Docents     Pompeckj,    Wein- 

schenk. 
BIOLOGY  :     Professors   Goebel,    Hartig, 

Hertwig,  Radlkofer,  Ranke,  Selenka ; 

Docents  Giesenhagen,  Hefele,    Hofer, 

Maas,  Pauly,  Solereder,  v.  Tubeuf. 
AGRICULTURE  :     Professors   Ebermayer, 

Endres,  Mayer,  Pauly,  Weber 

LAW, 

Professors  v.  Amira,  v.  Bechmann, 
Birkmeyer,  Grueber,  Harburger,  Hell- 
mann,  Loewenfeld,  v.  Maurer,  v.  Planck, 
Seuffert,  v.  Seuffert,  v.  Seydel,  v.  Sich- 
erer,  v.  Stengel,  Ullmann. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  J.  Amann,  Angerer,  Bauer, 
Bezold,  Bollinger,  Hans  Buchner,  L.  A. 
Buchner,  Bumm,  Emmerich,  Herzog, 
Klausner,  v.  Kupffer,  Messerer,  Moritz, 
Oeller,  Oertel,  v.  Pettenkofer,  Posselt,  v. 
Ranke,  Rieder,  v.  Rothmund,  Ruckert, 
Schech,  Seitz,  v.  Strumpell,  Tappeiner, 
v.  Voit,  v.  Winckel,  v.  Ziemssen  ;  Do- 
cents J.  A.  Amann,  Barlow,  Brandl, 
Cremer,  Diirck,  Fessler,  Frank,  Gudden, 
Hahn,  Haug,  Hecker,  Hofer,  Klein, 
Kopp,  Krummacher,  Lange,  v.  Liebig, 
May,  Mollier,  Neumayer,  Passet,  Port, 
Salzer,  Schloesser,  Schmauss,  Schmitt, 
Schonwerth,  Seydel,  v.  Sicherer,  Sitt- 
mann,  v.  Stubenrauch,  Stumpf,  Trumpp, 
Voit,  Wolfsteiner,  Ziegenspeck,  Ziegler. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Atzberger,  Bach,  Barden- 
hewer,  Knoepfler,  Andreas  Schmid, 
Alois  Ritter  v.  Schmid,  Schoenfelder, 
Silbernagl,  Wirthmiiller;  Docents  Dausch, 
Holzhey. 

MUSIC. 

Docents  Sandberger,  v.  d.  Pfordten. 


GERMANY.  83 

ROSTOCK,    Mecklenberg. 
GROSSHERZOGLICHE    UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Rostock  has  in  individual  cases  permitted 
women  who  make  teaching  a  profession  to  attend  certain  lec- 
tures of  the  Philosophical  Faculty.  Permission  must  be  obtained 
from  the  Rector,  the  Vice-Chancellor  and  the  professor  concerned. 
The  Ministry  has  asked  for  information  in  regard  to  these  women 
students,  and  for  the  present  the  question  of  the  admission  of 
women  to  the  university  remains  in  abeyance. 

The  university  was  founded  in  1419  and  is  under  the  same  gen- 
eral regulations  as  the  other  German  universities  ;  see  pp.  62-64. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Geinitz. 

LANGUAGES.  —  INDO-!RANIAN  :  Professor  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Geinitz. 

Philippi.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Falkenberg,   See- 

CLASSICAL:  Professors^.  Arnim,  Kern.  liger,  Will  ;  Decent  Hegler 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Golther.  AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Heinrich. 
ROMANCE:  Professors  Lindner,  Zenker; 

Docent  Robert.  _      f  ' 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professor  Ehrhardt.  _  Professors       Bernhoft,       v.      Blume, 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Waentig.  Geffcken,  Lehmann,  Matthiass,  Sachsse. 

HISTORY  :  Professor  Schirrmacher  ;  Do-  MEDICINE 

cent  Schafer. 

ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professor  Professors  Axenfeld,  Barfurth,  Garr<§, 

Korte.  Gies,  Robert,  Korner,  Langendorff,  Lu- 

SCIENCE.  barsch,  Martius,  Pfeiffer,   Schatz,  Schu- 

chardt,     Albert     Thierfelder,     Theodor 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  Thierfelder  .  Docents  Reinke,  Ricker. 

fessor  Staude. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Matthiessen,Wachs-  THEOLOGY. 

CH^STRY  :  Professor  Michaelis  ;    Do- 
cent  Stoenner. 

STRASSBURG,    Alsace. 
KAISER-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Strassburg,  founded  in  1567,  is  not  officially 
open  to  women.  By  the  special  permission  of  certain  professors 
and  without  the  sanction  of  the  Ministry  one  or  two  advanced 
women  students  have  been  admitted,  as  a  great  exception,  to  cer- 
tain of  the  university  courses. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German 
universities  ;  see  pp.  62-64. 


84 


TUBINGEN. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professors  Eut- 
ing,  Keil,  Landauer,  Noldeke ;  Do- 
cent  Schwally. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :    Professor  Leumann. 

CLASSICAL  :     Professors    Friedlander, 

Keil,        Michaelis,        Reitzenstein, 

Schwartz,  Thramer;  Docents  Heinze, 

Miller. 

ENGLISH:    Professor  Koeppel;  Reader 

Robertson. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  Henning,  Mar- 
tin ;  Docents  Joseph,  Rohrig. 
ROMANCE  :  Professor  Grober  ;  Reader 

Lopez. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Hubschmann. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors    Windelband, 

Ziegler. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  See  Law  and  Pol- 
itical Science. 

HISTORY:  Professors  Bresslau,  Neumann, 
Varrentrapp,  Wiegand;  Docents  Bloch, 
Kromayer,  Ludwig,  Sackur. 
GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor  Gerland  ;    Do- 
cent  Hergesell. 

ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor 
Dehio,  Michaelis ;  Docents  Heinze, 
Leitschuh,  Spiegelberg. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Becker,  Krazer,  Reye,  Roth, 
Timerding,  Weber,  Wellstein,  Wisli- 
cenus ;  Docents  Kobold. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Braun,  Cohn ;  Do- 
cent  Cantor. 


CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Erlenmeyer,  Fit- 
tig,  Rose,  Schaer ;  Docent  Cantor. 

MINERALOGY  :  Docent  Bruhns. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Benecke,  Bucking; 
Docent  Tornquist. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  D5derlein,  Goette, 
Jost,  Solms-Laubach. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

LAW  :  Professors  van  Calker,  Heimber- 
ger,  Laband,  Lenel,  Mayer,  Merkel, 
Schultze,  Sickel,  v.  Tuhr,  Wlassak, 
Zimmermann. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Knapp, 
von  Mayr,  von  Waltershausen  ;  Docent 
Wittich. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bayer,  Cahn,  Ewald,  F.  E. 
Fischer,  F.  Fischer,  Forster,  W.  A. 
Freund,  Fiirstner,  Goltz,  Hofmeister, 
Kohts,  Kuhn,  Laqueur,  Ledderhose, 
Levy,  Madelung,  Minkowski,  Naunyn, 
Pfitzner,  v.  Recklinghausen,  Schmiede- 
berg,  Schwalbe,  Stilling,  Ulrich,  Wolff; 
Docents  Dreyfuss,  Ehret,  H.  Freund, 
Gerhardt,  Hoche,  Jacob],  Jessen,  Klein, 
Manasse,  Schmidt,  Siegert. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Budde,  Ficker,  Holtzmann, 
Lobstein,  Lucius,  Mayer,  Nowack, 
Smend,  Spitta  ;  Docent  Anrich. 

MUSIC. 

Professor  Jacobsthal. 


TUBINGEN,  Wurttemberg. 
KONIGLICHE    EBERHARD-KARLS    UNIVERSITAT- 

The  University  of  Tubingen  was  founded  in  1477.  The  general 
regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German  universities  ;  see 
pp.  62-64. 

Permission  to  attend  lectures  at  the  university  is,  in  exceptional 
cases,  granted  to  women  by  the  Minister  of  Education  in  Stuttgart 
on  application  from  the  Academic  Senate.  As  regards  granting 


GERMANY. 


the  Doctor's  degree  to  women,  the  faculty  and  Chancellor  decide  in 
special  cases.  One  woman  has  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  in 
the  department  of  Natural  Science. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Docent  Seybold. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Garbe. 

CLASSICAL  :    Professors    von   Herzog, 
Schmid. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Franz. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  Fischer,  Lange; 
Docent  Bohnenberger. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Pfau,  Voretzsch. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Garbe. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  v.  Pfleiderer,  v. 

Sigwart,  Spitta  ;  Docent  Maier. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE:     Professors    An- 

schiitz,  von  Jolly,  Leemann,  Lorey,  v. 

Neumann,    von     Schonberg,    Speidel, 

Troltsch. 
HISTORY:  Professors  Busch,  v.  Heine- 

mann ;  Docents   Ernst,    Gtinter,  Mar- 
quart. 
ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors 

Lange,  von  Schwabe. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Docent  Treuber. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors v.  Brill,  Maurer,  Stahl,  Waitz. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Oberbeck,  Waitz. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  v.  Hiifner,  Paul, 
v.  Pechmann;  Docents  Billow,  Ktister, 
Mayer. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Koken  ;  Docent 
Wiilfing. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Koken. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Blochmann,  Hegel  - 
maier,  Vochting ;  Docents  Correns, 
Hesse,  Mayer,  Schmid. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professors  Biihler,  Lee- 
mann. 


Professors  v.  Franklin,  Gaupp,  Geib, 
v.  Mandry,  v.  Meyer,  Riimelin,  v.  Seeger, 
v.  Thudichum,  Wendt. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  v.  Baumgarten,  v.  Bruns, 
Dennig,  Doderlein,  Froriep,  Griitzner, 
von  Jiirgensen,  v.  Liebermeister,  v.  Len- 
hossek,  Oesterlen,  Schleich,  Siemerling, 
Vierordt,  Winternitz,  Wagenhaeuser ; 
Docents  Burker,  Dietrich, Grunert,  Henke, 
Hofmeister,  Kiittner,  Qurin,  Sarway, 
Walz,  Wickel. 

THEOLOGY. 

PROTESTANT:  Professors  von  Buder,Gott- 
schick,  Grill,  Haring,  Hegler,  Schlat- 
ter,  v.  Weizsacker;  Docent  Metzger. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC  :  Professors  Belser, 
von  Funk,  Koch,  Sagmuller,  Schanz, 
Vetter ;  Docent  Mohler. 


WIJRZBURG,  Bavaria. 
KONIGLICHE  JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS    UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  of  Wiirzburg  was  founded  in  1402.  Women  are 
not  generally  admitted  to  the  university,  but  in  special  cases  may 
attend  lectures  if  they  obtain  the  consent  of  the  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion and  of  the  professor  whose  courses  they  wish  to  hear. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  other  German 
universities ;  see  pp.  62-64. 


86 


WURZBURG. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor 

Jolly. 

CLASSICAL  :      Professors    Grasberger, 
Schanz,  Sittl. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Forster. 

GERMANIC:  Professor  Brenner;  Do  cent 
Rotteken. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Stiirzinger ;  Do- 
cent  Hartmann ;  Reader  Soisky. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Jolly. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Kiilpe,  Stolzle ; 

Docents  Marbe,  Neudecker. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:     (See    Law    and 

Political  Science). 
HISTORY:  Professors   Chroust,  Henner, 

Unger. 
GEOGRAPHY:  Professor  Regel;   Docent 

Ehrenburg. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Grasberger. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Prym,  Selling,  Voss ;  Docent 
Haussner. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Medicus,  Rontgen, 
Zehnder ;  Docent  Wien. 


CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Hantzsch,  Me- 
dicus, Tafel,  Wislicenus ;  Docent 
Reitzenstein. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Beckenkamp. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Boveri,  Kraus ; 
Docents  Hauptfleisch,  Spemann. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE, 

LAW  :  Professors  v.  Burckhard,  Mayer, 
Meurer,  Piloty,  Oetker,  Schollmeyer ; 
Docents  Binder,  Knapp. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Schanz. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Fick,  Geigel,  Helfreich, 
Hofifa,  Hofmeier,  Kirchner,  v.  Kolliker, 
Lehmann,  v.  Leube,  Matterstock,  v. 
Michel,  Riedinger,  Rieger,  v.  Rind- 
fleisch ,  Rosenberger,  Schonborn,  Schultze, 
Seifert,  Stohr ;  Docents  Arens,  Bach, 
Borst,  Dieudonne,  v.  Franque,  Heiden- 
hain,  Michel,  Mttller,  Nieberding, 
Schenck,  Sobotta,  Stubenrath. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Abert,  Braun,  Gopfert, 
Kihn,  Merkle,  Schell,  Scholz,  Stahl, 
Weber. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  87 

GREAT   BRITAIN  AND   IRELAND. 
ENGLAND   AND   WALES. 

There  are  six  universities  in  England  and  Wales :  Cam- 
bridge, Durham,  London,  Oxford,  Victoria  and  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wales.  These  are  in  the  main  examining  bodies  and 
confer  degrees  on  the  results  of  examinations  held  by  the  ex- 
aminers on  their  staff.  Candidates  are  prepared  for  these 
examinations  by  colleges  affiliated  with  the  different  univer- 
sities. In  British  universities  the  candidate  for  the  Bachelor's 
and  Master's  degrees  may  usually  choose  whether  he  will  take 
the  *  pass '  or  <  honours '  examinations.  The  honours  ex- 
aminations vary  greatly  from  the  pass  examinations  both 
in  standard  and  in  the  amount  of  specialisation  required. 
At  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  the  honours  ex- 
aminations for  the  degree  of  B.A.  are  entirely  special,  the 
candidate  being  examined  in  mathematics,  or  in  classics,  or  in 
natural  science  or  in  whatever  branch  he  may  select.  There 
seems  to  be  a  tendency,  at  any  rate  at  Cambridge,  to  reduce 
the  amount  of  specialisation ;  a  few  years  ago  the  mathe- 
matical '  Tripos  '  or  honours  examination  was  widened  by  the 
addition  of  some  physical  subjects.  A  proposal  to  require 
some  knowledge  of  art  and  literature  in  the  classical  tripos 
has,  however,  just  been  defeated.  At  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
the  universities  appoint  professors  and  lecturers  who  give  lec- 
tures open  to  all  students,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  teaching 
is  arranged  for  by  the  college  authorities.  London  is  at  pres- 
ent merely  an  examining  university,  but  after  long  discussion 
it  has  been  decided  to  make  it  also  a  teaching  university. 


88  CAMBRIDGE. 

CAMBRIDGE,   England. 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAMBRIDGE. 

The  University  of  Cambridge,  founded  in  the  I2th  century,  is  a 
corporation  which  provides  instruction  in  the  various  branches  of 
knowledge  and  confers  degrees  in  arts,  science,  law,  medicine, 
theology  and  music  on  candidates  who  have  fulfilled  certain  condi- 
tions in  regard  to  residence  at  specified  colleges  and  passed  certain 
examinations.  There  are  in  Cambridge  seventeen  colleges  and  two 
public  hostels  for  men  students  and  there  are  a  few  non-collegiate 
students.  Each  college  and  hostel  has  its  own  staff  of  lecturers 
and  tutors,  and  though  university  lectures  given  by  university 
professors  and  lecturers  are  open  to  members  of  all  the  colleges, 
college  lectures  are  in  some  cases  open  to  students  of  specified  col- 
leges only.  Preparation  for  the  degree  of  B.A.  occupies,  in  gen- 
eral, three  years,  only  half  of  each  year  being  spent  in  residence. 
A  student  who  has  obtained  the  B.A.  degree  undergoes  no  further 
examination  for  the  degree  of  M.A.  Persons  over  twenty-one 
years  of  age  who  present  a  diploma  or  certificate  of  graduation  at  a 
university  are  admitted  as  "  Advanced  Students"  and  permitted  to 
pursue  courses  of  advanced  study  or  research  under  the  guidance  of 
the  Degree  Committee.  They  are  allowed  to  take  Tripos  examina- 
tions after  a  shorter  period  of  residence  than  is  required  of  ordinary 
undergraduate  students  and  may  proceed  to  obtain  a  degree  or  a 
"  certificate  of  research."  They  must  apply  to  the  registrary  before 
the  first  of  October  for  permission  to  become  advanced  students, 
and  must  be  members  of  a  college  or  hostel  or  of  the  body  of  non- 
collegiate  students. 

Women  who  desire  to  attend  lectures  in  Cambridge  must  enter 
as  students  one  of  the  two  colleges  for  women  in  Cambridge, 
Girton  College  or  Newnham  College,  residence  at  which  confers 
certain  privileges. 

Women  students  who  reside  at  Girton  College  (see  p.  91), 
Newnham  College  (see  pp.  92-93),  or  in  Cambridge,  as  "out- 
students"  of  one  of  these  colleges,  are  admitted,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  to  all  the  university  lectures,  to  certain  of  the  college 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  89 

lectures  and  to  most  of  the  laboratories  and  museums.  Women  are, 
by  special  permission,  allowed  to  read  in  the  university  library. 

Women  who  have  fulfilled,  in  connection  with  one  of  the  above 
mentioned  colleges,  the  conditions  respecting  length  of  residence 
and  standing  which  men  students  are  required  to  fulfil  have  been 
admitted,  since  1881,  to  the  Previous  and  Tripos  (i.  £.,  honours) 
examinations  of  the  university. 

After  each  examination  the  examiners  publish  a  list  of  the  suc- 
cessful candidates,  arranged  either  in  classes  and  divisions  or  num- 
bered in  order  of  merit.  The  names  of  the  men  and  women  stu- 
dents are  on  separate  lists,  but  the  position  taken  by  the  women 
with  reference  to  the  men  is  shown  and  the  standard  is  the  same 
for  each. 

The  question  of  granting  degrees  to  women  who  have  passed 
these  examinations  was  brought  before  the  Senate  in  1896,  and  after 
a  long  discussion  of  the  evidence  collected  by  a  syndicate  appointed 
by  the  Senate  it  was  proposed  that  women  who  had  fulfilled  the 
ordinary  requirements  for  the  B.  A.  and  M.  A.  and  higher 
degrees  should  be  granted  the  titles  of  these  degrees.  This  pro- 
posal was  voted  on  on  May  2ist,  1897,  and  rejected  by  1707  votes 
to  661. 

The  regulations  regarding  advanced  students  do  not  technically 
include  women  students,  but  there  is  a  hall  of  residence  for  women 
graduate  students  (see  pp.  94-95). 

All  applications  for  admission  to  the  university  lectures,  etc.,  are 
made  by  the  authorities  of  Girton  and  Newnham  colleges  on  behalf 
of  the  students,  and  all  fees  are  paid  and  arrangements  made  by 
these  authorities. 

There  are  three  terms  in  each  year :  the  Michaelmas  term,  begin- 
ning in  the  middle  of  October  and  lasting  nine  weeks ;  the  Lent 
term,  beginning  in  the  middle  of  January,  lasting  eight  weeks ;  and 
the  Easter  term,  beginning  in  the  middle  of  April,  lasting  eight 
weeks. 


9o 


CAMBRIDGE. 


University  Professors  and  Lecturers  and  College  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  AND  INDO-IRA- 
NIAN :  Professors  Bevan,  Cowell, 
Giles,  Kirkpatrick,  Rieu ;  Drs. 
Barnes,  Schechter;  Messrs.  Aldridge, 
Browne,  Chapman,  Frost,  Kennett, 
McLean,  Neil,  Sherlock,  Strong, 
Towers,  Wyatt. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Jebb,  Mayor ; 
Drs.  Jackson,  Peile,  Postgate,  Reid, 
Sandys ;  Messrs.  Abbott,  Adam, 
Archer-Hind,  Cooke,  Davies,  Dims- 
dale,  Edwards,  Giles,  Gill,  Graves, 
A.  Gray,  J.  H.Gray,  Hadley,  Hicks, 
Leaf,  Lendrum,  Levin,  Miles,  Neil, 
Rackham,  Roberts,  Shuckburgh, 
Sikes,  Thompson,  Tottenham,  War- 
dale,  Wedd,  Whibley,  Wyse. 
ENGLISH  :  Professors  Dowden,  Skeat ; 
Messers.  Comber,  Giles,  Gollancz, 
Morier  Hinde,  Magnusson,  Wyatt. 
GERMANIC  :  Dr.  Breul ;  Mr.  Wolsten- 

holme. 

RUSSIAN:  Mr.  Schnurmann. 
ROMANCE:    Messrs.    Boquel,    Braun- 
holtz,  Comber,  Morier  Hinde,  Kast- 
ner,  Oelsner,  Tilley,  Wyatt. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :    Dr.  Post- 
gate  ;  Messrs.  Breul,  Chadwick,  Giles. 
PHILOSOPHY  :       Professors      Sidgwick, 
Ward ;  Dr.  Keynes  ;  Messrs.  Johnson, 
Levin,    McTaggart,    Rivers,    Russell, 
Stout. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Marshall, 
Sidgwick ;  Messrs.  Berry,  Browning, 
Foxwell,  Green,  Levin. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Lord  Acton,  Gwat- 
kin,  Maitland,  Westlake  ;  Drs.  Cun- 
ningham, Walker ;  Messrs.  Archbold, 
Browning,  Corbett,  Dickinson,  Evans, 
Figgis,  Hammond,  Heitland,  Leathes, 
Miles,  Moriarty,  Mullinger,  Oldham, 
Reddaway,  Shuckburgh,  Tanner, 
Thornely,  Tilley,  Whitney. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professors 
Ridge  way,  Waldstein ;  Messrs.  E.  A. 
Gardner,  H addon,  Roberts. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Sir  R.    S.   Ball,   Darwin,  For- 


syth;  Drs.  Glaisher,  Hobson,  Lachlan; 
Messrs.  Baker,  Bennett,  Berry,  Coates, 
Herman,  Hinks,  Lamb,  Love,  Munro, 
Pendlebury,  Richmond,  Webb,  White- 
head. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Ewing,  Sir  G.  G. 
Stokes,  Thomson ;  Messrs.  Bryan, 
Capstick,  W.  E.  Dalby,  D'Arcy,  Fitz- 
patrick,  Glazebrook,  Griffiths,  Larmor, 
Munro,  Peace,  Shaw,  Skinner,  Walker, 
Whetham,  Wilberforce. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Dewar,  Liveing; 
Messrs.  Adie,  Dickson,  Easterfield, 
Fenton,  Heycock,  R.  M.  Lewis,  Mor- 
rell,  Neville,  Pattison  Muir,  Ruhe- 
mann,  Scott,  Sell,  Spivey. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Lewis ;  Mr. 
Hutchinson. 

GEOLOGY:  Professor  Hughes;  Messrs. 
Harker,  Marr,  Oldham,  Se ward,  Woods. 

BIOLOGY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  ETC.  :  Professors 
Foster,  Macalister,  Newton,  Ward; 
Drs.  Barclay-Smith,  Gaskell,  Hill, 
Langley,  Melsome,  Rivers,  Shore ; 
Messrs.  Blackman,  Burkill,  Cunning- 
ham, Darwin,  Duckworth,  Eichholz, 
Ellis,  Gadow,  Gardiner,  Hardy,  Har- 
mer,  Higgins,  Hopkins,  Kempson,  Lis- 
ter, Sedgwick,  Seward,  Shipley,  War- 
burton,  Woods. 

ENGINEERING  :  Professor  Ewing;  Messrs. 
Hartree,  Lamb,  Peace,  Peel. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Messrs.  Easterfield, 
Wood. 

LAW. 

Professors  Clark,  Maitland,  Sir  R. 
West,  Westlake  ;  Drs.  Anningson,  Bate, 
Bond,  Gordon  Campbell,  Kenny,  Law- 
rence, Walker,  Waraker  ;  Messrs.  Bar- 
low, Buckland,  Harris,  Higgins,  Monro, 
Whittaker,  Wright. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Allbutt,  Bradbury,  Kan- 
thock ;  Drs.  Anningson,  Barlow,  Cory, 
Macalister;  Messrs.  Douty,  Griffiths, 
Marshall,  Pigg,  Stabb,  Wherry. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Gwatkin,  Kirkpatrick,  Ma- 
son, Robinson,  Ryle,  Stanton,  Swete ; 


GREA  T  BRIT  A  IN.  91 

Drs.    Barnes,   Chase,  Watson ;    Messrs.  McNeile,  Murray,  Parry,  Forbes  Robin- 
Barlow,         Bethune- Baker,         Blenkin,  son,  Srawley. 
Boughey,     Brooke,    Chapman,     Foakes-  MUSIC. 
Jackson,    Fulford,    Gore,    Gray    Harris,  Professor    Stanford;     Drs.     Garrett, 
Headlam,    Jackson,     Knight,     McLean,  \yOod. 

GIRTON  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE. 

This  college,  which  took  its  origin  in  a  home  for  women  students 
opened  in  1869  by  Miss  Emily  Davies  at  Hitchin,  about  eighteen 
miles  from  Cambridge,  is  open  to  women  only,  and  provides  in- 
struction for  the  Previous  and  Tripos  examinations  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  (See  pp.  88-89.)  There  is  one  large  hall  of  resi- 
dence, situated  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Cambridge,  pro- 
viding accommodation  for  the  mistress,  Miss  Welsh,  seven  resident 
lecturers  and  about  one  hundred  students. 

Students  are  not  admitted  under  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  before 
entering  they  are  required  to  pass  the  Girton  College  entrance  ex- 
amination or  an  equivalent  examination. 

Though  no  definite  regulation  is  made  in  regard  to  the  matter, 
duly  qualified  American  women  have  been  occasionally  admitted, 
when  space  permitted,  without  examination  and  without  undertak- 
ing the  whole  three  years'  course. 

Some  Tripos  examinations  may  be  taken  after  two ;  others  only 
after  three  years  of  residence,  but  students  are  expected  to  reside 
in  the  college  for  three  years.  There  are  three  terms  in  each  year 
corresponding  to  the  university  terms  (see  p.  89) . 

The  charge  for  board,  lodging  and  tuition  is  £35  ($175)  a  term, 
and  this  covers  all  university  and  college  charges.  Each  student 
has  a  bedroom  and  sitting  room,  or  one  large  room  divided.  Stu- 
dents who  desire  to  reside  at  the  college  during  the  long  vacation 
may  do  so  during  July  and  August  at  a  charge  of  £14  ($70),  for 
four  weeks  or  £20  ($100)  for  six  weeks. 

There  are  numerous  scholarships  varying  in  value  from  £17  125. 
($88)  to  £80  ($400)  a  year  for  three  or  four  years.  These  are 
awarded  on  the  results  of  special  examinations. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  Miss  SHORE 
NIGHTINGALE,  1 1  Queensborough  Terrace,  Bayswater,  London,  W. 


92  CAMBRIDGE. 

Lecturers. 

In  addition  to  the  university  lectures  attended  by  students  of  Girton  College  in  Cambridge  (see 
p.  90),  lectures  and  individual  instruction  were  given  during  1897-98  at  the  college  tby  the  following 
lecturers  : 

ARTS.  SCIENCE. 

LANGUAGES.— CLASSICAL  :  Dr.  Postgate;       MATHEMATICS  :    Messrs.   Dodds,   Love, 
Messrs.    Adam,     Conway,      Cooke,  Munro,    Whitehead,    Young;    Misses 

Dickinson,     Duff,     Earp,     Graves,  Hardcastle,  Meyer. 

Hicks,  Leaf,  Lendrum,  Miles,  Moul-       BIOLOGY,    CHEMISTRY,     ETC.  :     Misses 
ton,    Pretor,    Sikes  ;    Mrs.    Adam ;  Dale,  Greenwood,  Marshall,  Saunders, 

Misses  Alford,  Jex-Blake,  Taylor.  Sedgwick. 

MEDIEVAL    AND     MODERN  :      Drs.  THEOLOGY. 

Braunholtz,  Breul,  Boquel ;    Misses 

Hensley,  Kennedy,  Steele  Smith.  Mss  Taylor»  Mr-  Graves- 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  MUSIC 

Mr.  Johnson ;  Miss  Constance  Jones.  n     w     _, 

HISTORY:     Miss    McArthur;      Messrs. 
Clapham,  Dickinson,  Green. 

NEWNHAM    COLLEGE,    CAMBRIDGE. 

This  college,  which  took  its  origin  in  a  home  for  women  stu- 
dents opened  by  Miss  Clough  in  1871,  is  open  to  women  only  and 
provides  instruction  for  the  Previous  and  Tripos  examinations  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge  (see  pp.  88-89).  ^  consists  of  three 
halls  of  residence,  situated  about  five  minutes'  walk  from  the 
centre  of  Cambridge,  and  accommodating  about  150  students  in 
addition  to  the  principal,  vice-principals  and  resident  lecturers. 
The  principal  is  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwick ;  the  vice-principals  and 
heads  of  the  different  halls  are  Miss  Katharine  Stephen,  Miss 
Mary  E.  Rickett  and  Miss  B.  A.  Clough. 

Students  are  not  admitted  under  the  age  of  eighteen,  except  in 
special  cases ;  they  are  required  to  give  satisfactory  references  and 
to  pass,  before  entering,  the  Newnham  College  entrance  examina- 
tion or  an  equivalent  examination.  In  exceptional  cases  women 
who  do  not  reside  in  the  college  are  admitted  as  out-students. 

Though  no  definite  regulation  is  made  in  regard  to  the  matter, 
duly  qualified  American  women  are  admitted,  when  space  permits, 
without  examination  and  without  undertaking  the  whole  three  years' 
course. 

The  year  is  divided  into  three  terms,  corresponding  to  the  uni- 
versity terms  (see  p.  89). 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  93 

The  fees  for  board,  lodging  and  tuition  vary  from  twenty-five 
guineas  ($131.25)  to  thirty-two  guineas  ($168)  a  term.  These  do 
not  include  fees  for  laboratories  or  for  university  examinations. 

Students  residing  in  the  college,  by  the  advice  of  the  principal, 
during  the  long  vacation,  pay  a  guinea  ($5.25)  a  week  for  board 
and  lodging.  This  does  not  include  tuition. 

Various  scholarships  of  £35  ($175),  £40  ($200)  and  £50  ($250) 
a  year  for  one,  two  or  three  years  are  awarded  under  special  condi- 
tions and  in  general  on  the  results  of  examinations.  There  are  two 
studentships  of  £75  ($375)  and  £80  ($400)  a  year  awarded,  one  to 
a  student  who  has  passed  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  with  credit, 
the  other  to  a  student  who  has  finished  her  college  course  and  shows 
ability  to  carry  on  advanced  independent  work.  There  is  also  a 
research  fellowship,  the  Geoffrey  Fellowship,  of  £100  ($500)  a 
year  for  three  years,  open  to  women  who  have  obtained  honours  in  a 
Cambridge  Tripos  examination  or  in  the  Oxford  Final  Schools. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  hon.  secretary,  Miss  M.  G. 
KENNEDY,  Shenstone,  Cambridge,  from  whom  a  pamphlet  giving 
a  detailed  account  of  the  Tripos  examinations  may  be  obtained. 

Lecturers. 

In  addition  to  the  university  lectures  attended  by  students  of  Newnham  College  in  Cambridge 
(see  p.  90),  lectures  and  individual  instruction  were  given  during  1897-98  at  Newnham  College  by 
the  following  lecturers : 

Mr.  Johnson,  Miss  Jones  ;  Mrs.  Mar- 

ARTS.  shall,  Mrs.  Ward. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL  :  Mr.  Archer-  HISTORY  :  Miss  Bateson ;  Mr.  Clapham, 

Hind,    Mrs.  Archer-Hind,   Messrs.  Miss  Gardner ;  Mr.  Reddaway. 
A.     B.     Cook,    Davies,      Moulton, 

Rackham,  Misses  Sharpley,  White,  SCIENCE. 

Mr.    Willson,    Mrs.    Verrall,    Mr.  MATHEMATICS  :  Mr.  Carson,  Misses  Col- 

Wedd.  Her,  Fawcett,  Messrs.   Godfrey,   Gun- 

MEDI^VAL  AND  MODERN  :  Messrs.  Bo-  ston,  Misses  Johnson,  Rickett. 

quel,  Braunholtz,  Breul,  Chadwick,  NATURAL  SCIENCES  :  Misses  Alcock, 
Misses  J.  E.  Kennedy,  Macleod  Durham,  Freund,  Gostling,  Green- 
Smith,  Mr.  Magnusson ;  Misses  wood,  Mr.  Kerr,  Misses  Klaassen, 
Steele  Smith,  Tuke,  Mr.  Wyatt.  Marshall,  Philipps,  Saunders,  Sheldon, 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Skeat,  Mr.  Wade. 


94  CAMBRIDGE. 

WOMEN'S    HALL    OF    RESIDENCE,  CAMBRIDGE. 
[For  Students  Engaged  in  Post-Graduate  Work.] 

The  Women's  Hall  of  Residence  was  opened  in  October,  1897, 
under  the  direction  of  Miss  E.  A.  Me  Arthur,  with  a  view  to  meet- 
ing the  desire  felt  by  an  increasing  number  of  students  engaged  in 
post-graduate  work  to  secure  the  advantages  of  association  with 
other  students  and  of  assistance,  if  required,  in  the  pursuit  of  their 
studies.  During  the  academic  year,  1896—7,  a  private  experiment 
of  this  kind  was  undertaken  by  Miss  E.  A.  McArthur  with  suffi- 
ciently satisfactory  results  to  warrant  a  trial  on  a  more  formal  basis. 

Students  are,  in  general,  required  to  have  taken  a  degree  of  some 
university,  or  to  have  passed  an  examination  qualifying  for  such  a 
degree,  and  must  present  testimonials  satisfactory  to  the  Committee. 
They  must  also  furnish  a  statement  both  of  their  previous  course  of 
study  and  of  the  line  of  work  which  they  propose  to  pursue. 

The  inclusive  charge  for  board  and  residence  during  the  aca- 
demic year  (three  terms  of  nine  weeks  each)  is  from  £50  ($250) 
to  £60  ($300),  according  to  the  rooms  chosen,  and  is  payable  in 
advance.  This  does  not  include  fees  for  lectures  or  any  other  form 
of  tuition.  In  exceptional  cases  students  will  be  received  for  one 
or  two  terms  upon  payment  at  a  slightly  higher  rate.  Provision 
may  also  be  made,  when  necessary,  for  residence  during  the 
vacations. 

A  Studentship  of  the  value  of  £50  ($250)  to  be  held  at  the  Hall 
will,  it  is  hoped,  be  awarded  by  the  Committee  yearly,  provided  that, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee,  a  candidate  of  sufficient  merit 
present  herself. 

Any  woman  who  has  taken  a  university  degree,  or  has  passed  an 
examination  qualifying  for  such  a  degree,  or  who  submits  satisfac- 
tory testimonials  of  fitness  to  profit  by  the  work  is  eligible  for  the 
Studentship.  Each  candidate  is  required  to  describe  the  course  of 
study  or  research  which  she  intends  to  pursue,  and  to  give  two  ref- 
erences as  to  ability  and  character. 

The  student  will  be  elected  in  the  first  instance  for  one  year,  and 
will  be  required  to  report  to  the  Committee  upon  the  work  in 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  95 

which  she  has  been  engaged  It  is  understood  that  the  student  will 
not  undertake  paid  work  during  the  tenure  of  the  Studentship 
without  the  special  permission  of  the  Committee.  The  tenure  of 
the  Studentship  will  be  from  October  ist,  and  it  will  be  paid 
terminally  in  advance. 

Applications  for  the  Studentship  should  be  sent  before  July  loth 
to  Miss  ELLEN  A.  McARTHUR,  Girton  College,  Cambridge,  from 
whom  further  particulars  in  regard  to  the  Hall  may  be  obtained. 

COMMITTEE. 

Rev.  W.  Cunningham,  D.  D.,  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  Trinity 
College ;  Hon .  Fellow  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College  (  Chairman) . 

Arthur  Berry,  M.  A.,  Fellow  and  Assistant  Tutor  of  King's 
College. 

Miss  E.  C.  Jones,  Vice-Mistress  and  Lecturer  of  Girton  College. 

Miss  M.  G.  Kennedy,  Hon.  Secretary  of  Newnham  College. 

Miss  Ellen  A.  McArthur,  late  Vice-Mistress  of  Girton  College ; 
Head  Lecturer  in  History,  Girton  College. 

R.  D.  Roberts,  M.  A.,  late  Fellow  of  Clare  College;  Secretary 
for  Lectures  to  the  Local  Examinations  and  Lectures  Syndicate. 

DURHAM,  England. 
THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   DURHAM. 

This  university,  opened  in  1833,  is  situated  in  Durham,  and  is 
an  examining  body,  conferring  degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law, 
Medicine,  Theology  and  Music.  In  1895  a  supplementary  charter 
was  granted  enabling  the  university  to  grant  degrees  to  women  in 
all  the  faculties  except  that  of  Theology. 

The  colleges  and  halls  in  Durham  are  colleges  for  men  to  which 
women  are  not  admitted.  Men  students  are  expected  to  reside  in 
one  of  the  halls  or  colleges  or  to  reside  in  some  house  approved 
by  the  Warden  and  Proctors.  Attendance  at  the  classes  of  the 
Durham  School  of  Medicine  in  Newcastle  and  at  the  classes  of  the 
Durham  College  of  Science  in  Newcastle  is  allowed,  with  certain 
restrictions,  to  count  as  residence  at  Durham,  and  to  qualify  stu- 
dents to  enter  for  the  degrees  of  the  university.  The  degree  of 


96  LONDON, 

B.Litt.  was  instituted  recently  and  may  be  obtained  after  two  years' 
residence.  The  degree  of  B.A.  is  not  generally  taken  in  less 
than  three  years,  though  residence  for  more  than  six  terms  is  not  re- 
quired. 

Arrangements  have  now  been  made  for  admitting  women  to  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Durham.  A  hostel  was  opened  in  Oc- 
tober, 1896,  and  women  were  enabled  to  go  into  residence  at  once. 
All  students  wishing  to  qualify  for  a  degree  must  reside  for  at  least 
two  years  in  Durham  or  Newcastle  and  attend  lectures  either  at  the 
University  of  Durham,  the  Durham  College  of  Science  in  New- 
castle or  the  Durham  School  of  Medicine  in  Newcastle.  Up  to  the 
present  women  are  working  in  Durham  for  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
M.A.  only.  Women  are  admitted  as  students  in  music  at  the 
University  of  Durham.  Those  working  for  degrees  in  Science, 
Literature  and  Medicine  (B.Sc.,  B.Litt.,  M.B.,  M.D.,  etc.)  are 
studying  at  Newcastle.  The  Durham  College  of  Science  in  New- 
castle (see  under  Local  Colleges,  pp.  105-106)  is  open  to  women. 

The  year  is  divided  into  three  terms  of  eight  or  nine  weeks'  dur- 
ation, beginning  in  October,  January  and  the  end  of  April. 

The  fees  are  very  low;  entrance  fee  £2  ($10),  tuition  fees  £7 
($35)  per  term,  fees  for  examination  from  £i  ($5)  to  £10.10 
($52.50).  A  composition  fee  of  £70  ($350)  is  charged  for  the 
complete  five  years'  course  in  Medicine. 

The  terms  for  board  and  residence  at  one  of  the  women's  hostels 
are  from  £1.1  ($5.25)  to  £1.5  ($6.25)  a  week.  There  is  a  hall 
of  residence  for  women  medical  students,  Eslington  Tower,  New- 
castle-on-Tyne ;  Principal,  Miss  Perry.  The  charge  for  board 
and  residence  is  from  £42  ($210)  for  the  session. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
SHORTT,  M.A.,  the  University,  Durham,  or  from  the  registrar. 

LONDON,    England. 

THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   LONDON. 

Burlington  House,  Vigo  Street,  London,  W. 

London  University,  founded  in  1826,  is  an  examining  body,  con- 
ferring degrees  in  Arts  (B.  A.,  M.  A.,  D.  Lit.)  ;  Science  (B.  Sc., 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  97 

D.  Sc.)  ;  Law  (LL.  B.,  LL.  D.)  ;  Medicine  (M.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  S., 
M.  D.)  ;  Music  (B.  Mus.,  D.  Mus.).  The  university  also  gives  a 
certificate,  called  the  "Teacher's  Diploma,"  to  each  candidate  who 
has  passed  the  examination  in  teaching. 

A  proposal  to  found  a  teaching  university  in  connection  with  the 
University  cf  London  has  been  under  consideration  for  some  years 
and  a  scheme  has  at  last  been  adopted. 

In  1867  the  university  offered  certain  special  certificates  to 
women;  in  1878  it  opened  all  degrees,  honours  and  prizes  to 
students  of  both  sexes  on  equal  terms,  and  in  1882  it  was  resolved 
by  the  governing  body,  Convocation,  "that  female  graduates  be 
admitted  to  Convocation." 

The  degrees  are  conferred  on  candidates  that  have  passed  a  pre- 
scribed series  of  examinations  held  by  examiners  appointed  by  the 
university.  The  examinations  must  be  taken  in  a  prescribed  order 
and,  in  general,  an  interval  of  at  least  one  academic  year  must 
elapse  between  two  consecutive  examinations.  For  the  Bachelors' 
degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Medicine  and  Law  two  examinations  of 
widely  different  standards,  "pass"  and  "  honours,"  are  held  in  each 
subject,  and  candidates  are  at  liberty  to  choose  which  they  will  take. 

Prizes,  exhibitions  and  scholarships,  varying  in  value  from  .£5 
($25)  to  £50  ($250)  a  year  for  two  years,  are  awarded  to  the  can- 
didates that  most  distinguish  themselves  in  the  different  honours  ex- 
aminations. 

The  fees  for  the  examinations  are  from  £2  ($10)  to  £10  ($50). 

Candidates  for  degrees  are  free  to  reside  and  study  where  they 
please,  but  preparation  for  the  examinations  may  be  obtained  at  the 
numerous  colleges  affiliated  with  the  University.  See  University 
College,  London  (pp.  98-99)  ;  King's  College,  London  (p.  100)  ; 
Bedford  College  for  Women,  London  (pp.  103-104)  ;  Royal  Hollo- 
way  College,  Egham  (p.  104)  and  pp.  105-106. 

All  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  "  London  University 
Calendar,"  which  is  published  yearly  and  contains  the  examination 
papers  for  the  preceding  year. 

Communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  registrar  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  Burlington  Gardens,  London,  W. 


98  LONDON. 

DAVY-FARADAY    RESEARCH    LABORATORY  OF   THE 
ROYAL   INSTITUTION. 

21  Albemarle  Street,  London,  West. 

This  laboratory  was  endowed  and  given  to  the  Royal  Institution 
in  1897  by  Dr.  Ludwig  Mond.  It  is  open,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
committee,  to  all  persons,  irrespective  of  sex  or  nationality,  who 
have  done  scientific  research  work,  or  are  judged  capable  of  under- 
taking it. 

Any  person  who  obtains  permission  to  attend  the  laboratory  for 
a  certain  term  may  do  so  free  of  charge  and  will,  in  general,  be 
supplied  with  all  materials,  chemicals,  gas,  electricity,  etc.,  neces- 
sary for  his  work,  but  these  may  in  special  cases  be  refused.  The 
worker  will  be  eligible  for  readmission  after  the  expiration  of  the 
term  for  which  he  has  been  admitted. 

The  year  is  divided  into  three  terms :  Michaelmas  term  from  the 
first  Monday  in  October  to  the  Saturday  nearest  the  i8th  of  De- 
cember; Lent  term  from  the  Monday  nearest  to  the  i5th  of  Janu- 
ary to  the  second  Saturday  in  April ;  Easter  term  from  the  first 
Monday  in  May  to  the  fourth  Saturday  in  July. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitution. 

Directors  of  the  Laboratory:  LORD  RAYLEIGH,  PROFESSOR 
DEWAR. 

UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE. 
Gower  Street,  London,  W.  C. 

University  College,  London,  separated  from  the  University  of 
London  in  1836  and  given  a  charter  in  1869,  prepares  for  the 
examinations  of  London  University  in  Arts,  Science,  Medicine  and 
Law.  Students  do  not  reside  in  the  college  (for  hall  of  residence 
for  women,  see  p.  99).  All  classes  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Sci- 
ence and  Law  are  open  to  women  as  to  men,  except  classes  in  engi- 
neering, histology  and  physiology.  (For  courses  for  women  in  med- 
icine, see  under  the  School  of  Medicine  for  Women,  pp.  102-103.) 

Women  wishing  to  enter  as  students  must  present  satisfactory 
references  and  should  call  on  the  lady  superintendent,  Miss  Mori- 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  99 

son,  whose  recommendation  is  required  for  admittance.  Miss 
Morison  may  be  seen  at  her  office  in  the  college  during  the  first 
week  of  the  term. 

The  session  is  divided  into  three  terms,  dates  for  1898-99  :  October 
4th  till  December  i6th,  January  loth  till  March  24th,  April  iSth 
till  June  30th. 

The  fees  vary  from  £1.1  ($5.25)  to  £7.7  ($36.75)  per  class  for 
the  session. 

There  are  numerous  prizes  and  scholarships  open,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, to  women  as  to  men.  They  vary  in  value  from  £10  ($50) 
to  £150  ($750)  a  year. 

For  further  information,  see  "  University  College,  London,  Cal- 
endar." Communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  secretary. 

Hall  of  Residence. — College  Hall,  Byng  Place,  Gordon  Square, 
is  a  hall  of  residence  for  women  students  attending  University  Col- 
lege and  the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women.  No  student 
is  admitted  under  1 7  years  of  age.  The  expenses  for  board  and 
residence  vary  from  £51  ($255)  to  £80  ($400)  for  the  University 
College  session  of  33  weeks,  and  from  £58  ($290)  to  £90  ($450) 
for  the  session  of  the  London  School  of  Medicine  of  37  weeks. 
Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  principal,  Miss 

GROVE. 

Professors. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  SEMITIC  :       Professors  ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Roger  Smith. 
Marks,  Ross,  Schechter,  Strong. 

INDO-IRANIAN  *  :  Professors  Bendall,  SCIENCE. 

Blumhardt,  Rhys  Davids.  MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :    Pro- 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  Housman,  Platt.  fessors  M.  J.  M.  Hill,  Karl  Pearson. 

ENGLISH:  Professor  Ker.  PHYSICS:  Professsor  Callendar. 

GERMANIC:  Professor  Priebsch.  CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Vaughan  Harley, 

ROMANCE  :    Professors  Butler,    Lalle-  Ramsay. 

mand.  GEOLOGY:  Professor  Bonney. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY^:     Professor  BIOLOGY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  ETC.:  Professors 

Postgate.  Martin,  Oliver,  Schafer,  Weldon. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Sully.  ENGINEERING  :  Professors  Hudson  Beare, 

POLITICAL   ECONOMY:    Professor    Fox-  Chadwick,  Fleming,  Vernon-Harcourt. 

well. 

HISTORY  :  Professor  Montague.  LAW. 

ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :      Professors  Professors  Bate,  Birrell,  Carter,  Muri- 

Brown,  E.  A.  Gardner,  Petrie.  son,  Neil,  Raleigh. 

*  There  is  a  school  of  Modern  Oriental  studies  established  by  the  Imperial  Institute  in  connection 
with  University  College  and  King's  College.     For  particulars  see  "  University  College  Calendar." 


ioo  LONDON. 

KING'S    COLLEGE. 
Strand,  London,  S.  W. 

This  college  is  for  men  only  and  prepares  for  the  examinations  of 
the  University  of  London ;  it  is  similar  in  its  organisation  to  Uni- 
versity College  and  its  medical  school  is  important. 

There  is  a  separate  "  Department  for  Ladies"  at  13  Kensington 
Square,  London,  W.,  giving  instruction  in  Arts,  Science,  Law, 
Theology  and  Music.  The  professors  and  lecturers  are,  with  some 
exceptions,  professors  at  King's  College.  The  classes  organised 
are  of  a  very  elementary  nature,  but  more  advanced  classes  can  in 
some  cases  be  arranged  when  desired.  Students  do  not  reside  in 
the  college ;  a  hall  of  residence  for  women,  King's  Hall,  has  recently 
been  opened,  fees  for  board  and  residence  2^  guineas  ($13.12) 
and  2  guineas  ($10.50)  a  week.  For  further  information  apply  to 
Miss  E.  FAITHFULL,  28  Kensington  Square. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  three  terms :  Michaelmas 
term,  beginning  Monday,  October  I4th,  and  ending  Friday,  Decem- 
ber 2oth ;  Lent  term,  beginning  January  2oth  and  ending  March 
2yth;  Easter  term,  beginning  April  iyth  and  ending  July  3rd. 

The  fees  are  one  or  two  guineas  ($5.25  to  $10.50)  per  term  for 
each  class. 

Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  Miss  LILIAN  M. 
FAITHFULL,  vice-principal  and  secretary,  13  Kensington  Square, 
London,  W. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  SCIENCE. 

LANGUAGES.—  CLASSICS:  ProfessorVJw,      MATHEMATICS:    Mr.  Dale  ;   Miss  Bar- 

Miss  Pater.  well. 

ENGLISH:  Professors  Heath,  Knight,       CHEMISTRY:  Professor].  M.Thomson; 
Shuttleworth  ;    Miss  Faithfull,  Mr.  Mr.  Jackson  ;  Mrs.  McKillop. 

de  Selincourt.  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Seeley. 

GERMANIC:  ProfessorBuchheim;  Miss       BIOLOGY:  Professors  Beale,  Botlomleyj 

Buchheim,  Mr.  Menken.  Miss  Lulham. 

ROMANCE:    Professors  Perini,    Rami- 
rez, Spiers ;   Mr.  Esclangon.  LAW. 
PHILOSOPHY  :       Professors      Caldecott,           Professor  John  Cutler. 

Mayor,  Knight ;  Miss  Meyer. 
POLITICAL   ECONOMY:    Professors  Cun-  THEOLOGY. 

ningham,  Hewins,  Shuttleworth.  Professors  Knowling,  Robertson. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Laughton,  Shuttle- 
worth,  Warr.  MUSIC- 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Messrs.  Vicat          Professor  Vernham  ;     Dr.    Hamilton 
Cole,  Holden,  Pownall,  Speight.                Robinson. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  101 

THE  LONDON   SCHOOL  OF  ECONOMICS  AND    POLITICAL 

SCIENCE. 
10  Adelphi  Terrace,  London,  W.  C. 

This  school  was  founded  in  1895,  its  object  being  to  organise 
economic  and  political  studies  in  England.  During  the  first  year 
300  students,  of  whom  75  were  women,  joined  the  school.  The 
students  are  chiefly  graduates  of  British  and  foreign  universities, 
government  officials,  railway  officials,  bank  managers  and  clerks, 
and  persons  engaged  in  public  work  who  require  the  guidance  of 
experts  on  particular  subjects.  The  school  is  also  a  centre  of 
information  for  foreigners  visiting  England  for  purposes  of  investi- 
gation, and  guidance  and  advice  has  been  given  to  students  from 
Belgium,  France,  Germany,  the  United  States  and  other  countries. 

Research  studentships  varying  in  value  from  £25  ($125)  to 
£100  ($500)  for  the  encouragement  of  special  investigations  are 
given  on  the  result  of  examinations.  A  Studentship  of  the  value 
of  JCioo  ($500)  a  year  for  two  years  was  awarded  in  July,  1897, 
and  others  will  be  awarded  in  July,  1899.  The  selected  candidate 
is  expected  to  give  a  short  course  of  lectures  on  the  result  of  his  in- 
vestigations. 

An  excellent  special  library  has  been  collected,  and  the  publica- 
tion of  a  series  of  studies  on  Political  Science  commenced. 

The  academic  year,  which  begins  at  the  end  of  October  and  ends 
about  June  22nd,  is  divided  into  three  terms.  The  fee  for  full  mem- 
bership of  the  school,  admitting  to  all  lectures  and  classes  is  £3 
($15)  a  year  or  £i  ($5)  a  term.  The  fee  for  one  course  of  20 
lectures  is  155.  ($3.75). 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  DIRECTOR,  MR. 
W.  A.  S.  HEWINS,  10  Adelphi  Terrace,  London,  W.  C. 

Lecturers  in  1898-99. 

ECONOMICS:  Dr.  Cunningham;  Messrs.  RAILWAYS:  Mr.  Acworth. 

Cannan,  von  Halle,  Hewins,  Hobson,  BANKING  :  Messrs.  Foxwell,  Palgrave. 

Mackinder,  Sargent,  Sydney  Webb.  COMMERCIAL  LAW  :  Mr.  Barlow. 

STATISTICS:  Messrs.  Bowley,  Edgeworth,  CONSTITUTIONAL  LAW  :  Professor  Dicey; 

Hewins,  Sanger.  Dr.  Schuster  ;  Mr.  Whittuck. 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  :     Messrs.     Glen,  POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Messrs.  Dickinson, 

Gomme,  Hirst,  Hobhouse,  Kemp.  Gomme  ;  Dr.  von  Halle,  Sir  Courtenay 

PALEOGRAPHY  AND  DIPLOMATIC  :  Mr.  Ilbert ;  Miss  McArthur ;  Mr.  Graham 

Hubert  Hall,  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thomp-  Wallas. 

son. 


102  LONDON. 

LONDON    SCHOOL   OF   MEDICINE    FOR   WOMEN. 
8  Hunter  Street,  Brunswick  Square,  London,  W.  C. 

This  school,  opened  about  1875,  provides,  in  association  with  the 
Royal  Free  Hospital,  Gray's  Inn  Road,  instruction  for  women  in 
all  medical  subjects.  Students  do  not  reside  in  the  school ;  for  a 
hall  of  residence  in  connection  with  it  see  p.  99. 

The  courses  of  the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women  in- 
clude all  the  medical  subjects  required  for  the  degrees  and  diplomas 
of  the  University  of  London,  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  the 
Irish  and  Scotch  colleges,  and  the  Society  of  Apothecaries,  London. 

Before  entering  on  medical  studies  students  are  required  to  have 
passed  a  qualifying  examination  in  Arts.  After  passing  this  they 
should  register  as  soon  as  possible  at  the  office  of  the  General  Med- 
ical Council,  which  requires  all  medical  practitioners  to  have  taken 
a  five  years'  course,  dating  from  the  time  of  registration.  The 
course  comprises  five  years  of  study  at  the  school  and  attendance 
for  four  years  on  the  courses  of  clinical  instruction  at  the  Royal 
Free  Hospital.  Women  may  however,  by  permission  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Council,  attend  certain  of  the  classes  without  having  passed 
the  examination  in  Arts  and  without  entering  on  the  complete 
course  of  study.  Graduates  of  foreign  and  colonial  universities 
can  occasionally  be  admitted  to  the  hospital  practice  when  the 
accommodation  permits. 

Besides  the  Royal  Free  Hospital,  the  Brompton  Consumption 
Hospital,  the  New  Hospital  for  Women,  the  Clapham  Maternity 
Hospital,  the  London  Fever  Hospital,  the  Hospital  for  Sick  Chil- 
dren, Great  Ormond  Street,  the  National  Dental  Hospital,  and  sev- 
eral other  hospitals,  are  open  to  students  of  the  school.  There  are 
two  sessions :  winter  session,  October  ist  to  April  ist;  summer 
session,  May  ist  to  August  ist. 

The  fees  for  the  separate  classes  vary  from  one  to  eight  guineas 
($5.25  to  $42)  for  the  session.  The  cost  of  a  medical  education 
varies  considerably  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  different 
examining  boards.  The  "  compounder's  fee"  for  the  school  and 
hospital  courses  for  four  years  is,  if  paid  in  one  sum,  £125  ($625). 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  103 

There   are  several  prizes  and  scholarships  varying  in  value  from 
£5  to  <£ioo  ($25  to  $500)  a  year  for  three  or  four  years. 

Further  information  and  a  prospectus  can  be  obtained  from  the 
secretary,  Miss  DOUIE,  8  Hunter  street,  Brunswick  Square,  W.  C. 

Lecturers  and  Demonstrators. 

Drs.  (Mrs.}  Garrett  Anderson,  F.  \V.  Stanley  Boyd;  Mrs.  Do\vson,Mrs.  Evans; 
Andrewes,  (Miss)  Cock,  Uupre,  (Miss)  Misses  Forrest,  Hooper;  Mrs.  Keer, 
Evans,  Manson,  (Miss)  McCall,  Sains-  Macdonald;  Messrs.  Mackinlay,  Mercier  ; 
bury,  (Mrs.)  Scharlieb,  Starling;  Miss  Misses  Poole,  Smith,  Turner,  Webb, 
Appel ;  Messrs.  Barrow,  Berry,  Bodmer,  Welby. 

Medical  Officers. 

Drs.      (Miss)     Aldrich-Blake,     Carr,       Battle,  Berry,  Dodd,  Gant,  Legg,  Mack- 
Cockle,      Crawfurd,      Evans,     Fawcett,       inlay,  Rose  ;  Miss  Rowse  ;  Messrs.  Todd, 
Hayes,   Marsden,   Roughton,  Sainsbury,       Wakley. 
West ;    Miss   Appel ;    Messrs.    Barrow, 

BEDFORD   COLLEGE  (for  Women). 
8  and  9  York  Place,  Baker  Street,  London,  W. 

Bedford  College,  founded  in  1849,  ^s  °Pen  *°  women  only,  and 
provides  instruction  in  Arts  and  Science.  Students  are  prepared 
for  all  the  examinations  of  the  University  of  London  in  these  sub- 
jects ;  there  is  also  a  training  department  and  an  art  school  in  con- 
nection with  the  college.  A  course  of  scientific  instruction  in 
hygiene,  bacteriology,  etc.,  preparing  women  for  posts  as  Sanitary 
Inspectors,  is  a  special  feature  of  the  college. 

The  session  is  divided  into  three  terms,  the  first  beginning  on  Oc- 
tober 6th  and  ending  on  December  2oth ;  the  second  beginning  on 
January  1 9th  and  ending  on  March  28th;  the  third  beginning  on 
April  2oth  and  ending  on  June  2Sth. 

The  fees  for  the  separate  classes  vary  from  one  to  three  guineas 
($5.25  to  $15.75)  a  term. 

Students  may  reside  in  the  college,  the  charge  for  board  being 
from  58  to  68  guineas  ($304.50  to  $357.00)  a  year.  The  inclusive 
average  fees  for  residence  and  tuition  are  $472.50  to  $565.75. 
There  are  several  scholarships  varying  in  value  from  30  guineas  to 
£48  ($157.50  to  $240.00). 

For  further  information  apply  to  Miss  ETHEL  HURLBATT,  prin- 
cipal of  the  college,  Bedford  College,  8  and  9  York  Place,  Baker 
street,  London,  W. 


104  LONDON. 

Lecturers. 

ARTS.  ART  :  Mr.  Thompson. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL:     Messrs.    A  PEDAGOGY:  Miss  H.  Robertson. 
Bernard  Cook,  Platt  ;    Misses  Fitz- 

•t  j      "tTir    •  SC/flJVCJS* 

ENGLISH  :  Dr.  G.  Foster  ;  ^  G.  A.  MATHEMATICS  :  Mr.  Harding  ;  Miss  A. 

TT       11  ii-.  L,ee. 

GERMANIC:    J/r.    W.     F.     Bentinck  PHYSICS:  ^r.  Womack,  ^/m  A.  E.  Lee. 

gmjtj1  CHEMISTRY  :  Mr.  Crompton. 

ROMANCE  :  Mr.  Victor  Oger.  GEOLOGY  :  Miss  Raisin. 

PHILOSOPHY:  jWm  Edgell  .  Bl^Y  :   ^  ^7sdale'  Tims  '   ^- 

HISTORY  :  ^,  All£  Cook.  ;  «a>- 


ROYAL   HOLLOWAY   COLLEGE  (for  Women). 
Egham,  Surrey  (near  London). 

Royal  Holloway  College,  opened  in  1886,  has  beautiful  build- 
ings and  grounds  situated  about  twenty  miles  from  London,  is 
open  to  women  only  and  provides  the  instruction  necessary  for 
London  University  degrees  in  Arts  and  Science,  for  the  London 
preliminary  M.  B.,  and  for  pass  and  honours  examination  of  the 
University  of  Oxford.  Candidates  for  admission  must  be  over  17 
years  of  age  and  are  required  to  pass  an  entrance  examination  or  to 
have  passed  its  equivalent. 

The  college  session  extends  from  the  beginning  of  October  to 
the  beginning  of  July,  and  is  divided  into  three  terms  of  about 
eleven  weeks  each. 

The  fees  for  board,  residence  and  instruction  are  £30  ($150) 
per  term,  or  £90  ($450)  a  year.  Numerous  scholarships  of  £30 
($150)  to  £75  ($375)  a  year  are  awarded  on  the  results  of  exami- 
nations. For  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  Miss  MARGARET 

SIM. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTSm  HISTORY  :  Mi>s  Penrose. 

ART  :  Mr.  Carey. 
LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICS  :  Professor  Don- 

kin  ;  Miss  --  ;  Mr.  Allen.  SCIENCE. 

ENGLISH  :  Misses  Guinness,  Kimpster,  MATHEMATICS:  Professors  Cassie,  Loney; 

Bentinck  Smith,  Mr.  Boas.  ^  Miss  C  Frost 

GERMANIC  :  Misses  Corry,  Skeat,  Bent-  PHYSICS  :  Professor  ^Cassie. 

inck  Smith.  CHEMISTRY:  Mm  :  Field. 

ROMANCE  :  Misses  Pechinet,  Skeat,  M.  BIOLOGY  :  Misses  Benson,  Durham. 

Berthon.  MUSIC. 

PHILOLOGY  :  Mi<s  -  .  Miss   Daymoad,    Mr.    Burnett,    Miss 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Mr.  Solomon.  Glazebrook. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  105 

LOCAL    COLLEGES    AFFILIATED    TO    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF 
LONDON   AND    OTHER   UNIVERSITIES. 

In  addition  to  University  College,  King's  College  and  Bedford 
College  (see  pp.  98-104),  there  are  numerous  local  colleges  affiliated 
to  the  different  universities  in  England  and  Wales.  These  colleges 
prepare  principally  for  the  degrees  of  B.  A.  and  B.Sc.  given  by  these 
universities ;  the  courses  they  offer  are  arranged  to  prepare  students 
for  the  degree  examinations,  and  are  on  the  same,  general  plan  as 
those  offered  by  University  College,  London ;  many  distinguished 
professors  are  on  their  faculties,  but  no  lists  are  given  here  on 
account  of  lack  of  space.  They  offer  few  courses  which  may 
properly  be  called  graduate.  They  admit  women,  as  a  rule,  to  the 
Arts  and  Science  classes  on  the  same  terms  as  men.  No  students 
are  admitted  under  16  years  of  age.  No  requirements  are  made  as 
to  residence,  but  there  are  halls  of  residence  for  women  in  connec- 
tion with  most  of  the  colleges. 

The  college  session,  beginning  in  October,  is  usually  divided  into 
three  terms,  each  of  about  eleven  weeks'  duration. 

The  fees  for  the  different  classes  vary  from  i  to  3  guineas  ($5.25 
to  $15.75)  per  term,  the  cost  of  one  of  the  ordinary  degree  courses 
for  the  year  being  about  £20  ($100).  The  cost  of  board  and  resi- 
dence in  the  halls  for  women  students  is  usually  from  £40  to  £50 
($200  to  $250)  a  session. 

Numerous  prizes  and  scholarships  of  considerable  value  are  open 
to  students  of  the  different  colleges. 

For  further  information  about  any  particular  college  application 
should  be  made  to  the  registrar.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
most  important : 

*Aberystwyth,  University  College  of  Wales ;  *  Bangor,  Univer- 
sity College  of  North  Whales;  Birmingham,  The  Mason  College; 
Bristol,  University  College ;  *  Cardiff,  University  College  of  South 
Wales  and  Monmouthshire ;  f  Leeds,  The  Yorkshire  College ; 
f  Liverpool,  University  College;  f  Manchester,  The  Owens  Col- 


*  Affiliated  to  the  University  of  Wales. 
f  Affiliated  to  Victoria  University 


106  OXFORD. 

lege ;   j  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Durham  College  of  Science  ;  Notting- 
ham, University  College ;   Sheffield,  Firth  College. 

MANCHESTER,  England. 

VICTORIA^  UNIVERSITY. 

The  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

This  university,  founded  in  1880,  and  having  its  seat  at  the  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  is  an  examining  body  with  power  to  confer 
degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Music.  The  general 
scheme  of  the  examinations  is  similar  to  that  of  London  Univer- 
sity and  they  are  open  to  women  on  the  same  conditions  as  to  men. 

All  candidates  must  have  been  regular  students  of  one  of  the 
colleges  of  the  university.  These  colleges  are :  The  Owens  Col- 
lege, Manchester ;  University  College,  Liverpool ;  The  Yorkshire 
College,  Leeds  (see  p.  105).  Graduates  of  other  colleges  and  uni- 
versities are  also  allowed  to  take  the  examinations  under  special  con- 
ditions. 

Enquiries  should  be  addressed  to  the  registrar  of  the  Victoria 
University,  Manchester,  and  information  may  be  obtained  from  the 
calendar  of  the  university,  price,  is  ($0.25). 

OXFORD,  England. 
THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    OXFORD. 

The  University  of  Oxford,  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  is  a 
corporation  which  provides  instruction  in  the  various  branches  of 
knowledge  and  confers  degrees  in  Arts,  Law,  Medicine,  Theology 
and  Music  on  men  who  have  since  matriculation  fulfilled  certain 
conditions  as  to  residence  and  passed  certain  examinations.  Re- 
search degrees  are  also  granted  under  somewhat  different  arrange- 
ments. There  are  in  Oxford  twenty-one  colleges,  one  public  and 
three  private  halls.  Members  of  the  university  must  be  members 
of  one  of  these  or  of  the  body  of  non-collegiate  students.  Each 
college  has  its  own  staff  of  teachers  and  its  affairs  are  administered 
by  its  Head  and  Body  of  Fellows.  University  lectures  given  by 


\  Affiliated  to  the  University  of  Durham. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  107 

professors  and  readers  are  open  to  all  members  of  the  university ; 
college  lectures,  which  supply  a  great  part  of  the  teaching,  are,  by 
arrangement,  generally  open  to  the  members  of  colleges  other  than 
that  in  which  they  are  given. 

Women  are  not  admitted  to  matriculation  or  graduation,  but  are 
allowed  to  enter  for  all  the  public  examinations  for  the  degrees  in 
Arts  and  Music  without  being  required  to  fulfil  precisely  the  same 
conditions  as  men.  Names  of  candidates  must  be  sent  in  through 
the  Secretary  to  the  Delegates  of  Local  Examinations,  H.  T.  GER- 
RANS,  8  Clarendon  Building,  Oxford,  from  whom  the  special  regula- 
tions affecting  women  students  can  be  obtained.  The  requirements 
of  the  university  for  the  degree  course  can  be  ascertained  from  the 
Student's  Hand-book  (price  2s.  8d.  ($0.66)),  or  from  the  Examina- 
tion Statutes  (price  is.  2d.  ($0.29)),  to  be  obtained  at  the  Claren- 
don Press  Depot,  1 16  High  street,  Oxford.  The  names  of  successful 
women  candidates  are  officially  published  in  supplementary  lists  and 
they  receive  a  certificate  signed  by  the  examiners.  No  preliminary 
residence  or  study  in  Oxford  is  required,  but  an  examination  in  two 
languages  and  elementary  mathematics  must  be  passed  before  admis- 
sion to  any  of  the  higher  examinations.  Graduates  of  colleges  in- 
cluded in  the  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae  are  excused  from 
this  examination.  Certain  examinations  are  arranged  by  the  Dele- 
gates of  Local  Examinations  for  women  only. 

The  year  is  divided  into  three  terms,  each  of  eight  weeks'  dura- 
tion, beginning  respectively  about  the  middle  of  October,  middle 
of  January  and  middle  of  April. 

Women  who  desire  to  attend  lectures  in  Oxford  should  put  them- 
selves in  communication  with  the  "  Association  for  Promoting  the 
Education  of  Women  in  Oxford"  (see  pp.  109-111),  and  should 
apply  for  intormation  to  the  hon.  secretary,  Miss  ROGERS,  Claren- 
don Building,  Oxford. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

The  list  of  lecturers  for  each  year  is  published  in  the  "  Oxford  University  Gazette."  The  follow- 
ing list  is  compiled  from  the  Gazette  for  January,  1899; 

Messrs.  Allen,  Burney.  G.  A.  Cooke,, 

LANGUAGES  -SEMITIC  :  Professors  Dn-  Neubauer,  Stenning 

ver,    Margohouth,   Nicholl,   Sayce ; 


io8 


OXFORD. 


INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professors  Legge, 
Macdonnell,  Mills  ;  Messrs.  Bellairs, 
Blumhardt,  Platts,  Pope,  St.  John, 
Wells. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bywater,  Ellis; 
Messrs.  Abbott,  Bailey,  Baker,  Bar- 
ton, Blakiston,  Burge,  Clark,  Cook- 
son,  Cooper,  Ellis,  Farnell,  Ferard, 
Fox,  Godley,  Greene,  Haigh,  Hall, 
Inge,  Jackson,  Lindsay,  Lys,  Math- 
eson,  Moore,  Owen,  de  Paravicini, 
Phelps,  Phillimore,  Phillips,  Pick- 
ard-Cambridge,  Pope,  Poynton, 
Prickard,  Raper,  Richards,  Rush- 
forth,  Scott,  Sidgwick,  Smith,  Snow. 
ENGLISH  :  Professors  Napier,  Earle  ; 

Messrs.  Firth,  de  Selincourt. 
GERMANIC:     Professor    Rhys;     Mr. 

Macdonell. 

CHINESE  :  Professor  Bullock. 
RUSSTAN  :  Mr.  Morfill. 
CELTIC  :  Professor  Rhys. 
ROMANCE  :  Messrs,  de   Arteaga,  Ber- 

thon,  Bue,  Coscia,  Moore. 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor 
Max  Mttller,  Deputy  ProfessorVfright. 
PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Case,  Stewart, 
Cook  Wilson ;  Messrs.  Ball,  Bate, 
Benecke,  Blunt,  Caird,  Fairbrother, 
Hadow,  Wright  Henderson,  Hobhouse, 
Joachim,  Joseph,  Prichard,  Rashdall, 
Richards,  Schiller,  Smith,  Spooner, 
Storr,  Underbill,  Walker,  Warner, 
Wood,  Wylie. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Edge- 
worth;  Messrs.  Carlyle,  Hughes,  Mar- 
riott, Phelps,  Smith,  Pogson  Smith, 
Williams. 

DIPLOMATIC  :  Mr.  R.  Lane  Poole. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Montagu  Burrows, 
Pelham,  York  Powell;  Messrs.  Abbott, 
Case,  Strachan- Davidson,  Davis,  Ed- 
wards, Fisher,  Fletcher,  Fowler, 
Greenidge,  Grundy,  Hall,  Hardy, 
Hassall,  Haverfield,  Henderson,  How, 
Hutton,  Johnson,  Stuart  Jones,  Leigh, 
Macan,  Marriott,  Medley,  Mee,  Mon- 
tague, Myres,  Munro,  Oman,  Owen, 
Poole,  Robertson,  Smith,  Tracey,  Un- 
derbill, Urquhart,  Wakeling,  Walker, 
Ward,  Wells,  Wood. 


ARCHAEOLOGY  :      Professors     Gardner ; 

Messrs.  Farnell,  Myres. 
POETRY  :  Professor  Courthope. 
Music :    Professor   Stainer ;    Drs.    Mee, 

Parry. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS:  Professors  Elliott,  Esson, 
Love,  Turner  ;  Messrs.  Campbell,  Dix- 
on,  Gerrans,  Haselfoot,  Hayes,  Leu- 
desdorf,  Pedder,  Russell,  Sampson, 
Thompson. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Clifton ;  Messrs. 
Alsop,  Baynes,  Craig,  Hudson,  Plum- 
mer,  Smith,  Walker. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Odling ;  Messrs. 
Elford,  Fisher,  Vernon  Harcourt, 
Marsh,  Nagel,  Veley,  Watts,  Wilder- 
man. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Sollas. 

MINERALOGY:  Professor  Miers;  Mr. 
Bowman. 

GEOGRAPHY:  Mr.  Mackinder. 

BIOLOGY:  Professors  Gotch,  Tylor, Vines; 
Messrs.  Bourne,  Burch,  Goodrich,  Hal- 
dane,  Jenkinson,  Mann,  Ramsden, 
Thompson. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professor . 

LAW. 

Professors  Dicey,  Goudy,  Holland, 
Sir  F.  Pollock,  Sir  W.  R.  Anson  ;  Messrs. 
Burnham,  Carter,  Davis,  Hazel,  Holds- 
worth,  Jenks,  Sir  W.  Markby,  Montague, 
Moyle,  Pottinger,  Prankerd,  Smith, 
Wakeling,  Williams,  Wilson. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Burdon-Sanderson,  Clifton, 
Gotch,  Odling,  Thomson,  Vines  ;  Messrs. 
Brooks,  Farmer,  Haldane,  Jerome, Mann, 
Ritchie,  Winkfield. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bright,  Cheyne,  Driver, 
Ince,  Lock,  Moberly,  Sanday ;  Messrs. 
Allen,  Bate,  Bebb,  Bennett,  Burney, 
Bussell,  Carlyle,  Clayton,  Henderson,  de 
la  Hey,  Kidd,  Lake,  Lovell,  Maude, 
Moore,  Pullan,  Spooner,  Stenning, 
Strong,  Turner,  White,  Wild,  Wilson, 
Wright. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  109 

THE   ASSOCIATION    FOR    PROMOTING    THE    EDUCATION    OF 
WOMEN  IN  OXFORD. 

The  teaching  of  women  is  organised  and  directed  by  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Association  for  promoting  the  education  of  Women 
in  Oxford,  founded  in  1879;  President,  the  Master  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege ;  Secretaries,  Mr.  A.  Sidgwick,  Miss  Rogers.  Lectures 
are  provided  and  arrangements  made  for  the  admission  of 
women  to  lectures  given  in  the  University,  names  being  sent 
in  through  the  Secretary  and  the  fees  paid  through  the  Treas- 
urer. About  one  hundred  and  fifty  professors  and  lecturers  admit 
women  thus  recommended  to  their  lectures,  and  facilities  are  also 
granted  to  them  for  work  in  the  University  Laboratories.  Students, 
whether  men  or  women,  find  little  difficulty  in  obtaining  permission 
to  read  in  the  Bodleian  and  other  University  Libraries.  Further 
information  can  be  obtained  from  Miss  Rogers,  Clarendon  Build- 
ing, Broad  Street,  Oxford.  Women  coming  to  Oxford  for  regular 
study  are  requested  to  put  themselves  in  communication  with  her 
rather  than  to  apply  direct  to  the  lecturers  and  will  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  do  so.  As  a  rule  they  are  expected  to  register  as 
students  of  the  Association  the  fee  for  which  is  for  students  of  a 
Hall  or  College  55.  ($1.25),  for  Home  Students  IDS.  ($2.50). 
Private  tuition  which  forms  an  important  part  of  the  Oxford  system 
of  education  is  arranged  through  Miss  Rogers.  Professors'  lectures 
are  usually  free,  the  fees  for  other  lectures  vary  from  I2s.  ($3)  to  two 
guineas  ($10.50),  the  course.  Private  teaching  from  is  £2  ($10) 
to  £4  ($20)  for  a  course  of  eight  lessons.  The  Association  has  a 
small  library,  kept  in  a  room  in  one  of  the  University  Buildings 
which  is  used  as  an  office.  Students  taking  the  full  degree  course 
with  Honours  receive  a  special  diploma  from  the  Council  of  the 
Association,  other  certificates  are  given  for  other  courses  of  study. 
For  all  these  residence  is  required.  These  may  be  looked  upon  as 
temporary  substitutes  for  degrees.  A  movement  for  opening  the 
B.  A.  degree  to  women  made  in  1896  was  unsuccessful,  but  it  is 
probable  that  a  further  attempt  will  be  made,  as  there  is  a  strong 
party  in  Oxford  in  favour  of  it. 


no  OXFORD. 

The  lists  of  lectures  are  not  published  till  the  beginning  of  the 
term  in  which  they  are  given  but  earlier  information  can  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Secretary  to  the  Association,  or  from  one  of  the 
special  tutors  appointed  in  each  subject. 

Residence. — There  are  three  Halls  and  one  College  for  women 
students  each  governed  by  its  own  Council  and  having  its  own  staff 
represented  on  the  Council  of  the  Association  by  its  Principal  and 
one  member  of  its  Council.  Details  of  the  students'  education  are 
arranged  by  a  Committee  of  the  Association  Council  of  which  the 
Principals  are  members.  Registered  students  not  belonging  to  any 
of  these  Societies  are  called  Home  Students,  are  under  the  charge  of 
a  Committee  and  a  Principal,  and  enjoy  the  same  privileges  of  ad- 
mission to  lectures,  use  of  libraries,  etc.,  as  students  of  the  Halls  and 
College. 

Lady  Margaret  Hall. — Oxford,  opened  in  1879,  has  accom- 
modation at  present  for  about  fifty  students.  Students  who  desire 
to  enter  must  have  passed  an  examination  in  two  languages  and 
elementary  mathematics,  and  must  give  satisfactory  references  to 
the  principal.  Students  coming  from  another  college  or  univer- 
sity must  present  a  letter  of  recommendation  from  its  authorities. 

Fees  for  board  and  residence  are  £75  ($375)  a  year.  Fees  for 
tuition  are  paid  to  the  association;  (see  p.  109). 

Several  scholarships,  varying  in  value  from  £25  to  £50  ($125  to 
$250)  a  year  for  three  or  four  years,  are  given  annually  on  the 
results  of  an  examination  held  in  June. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  lady  principal, 
Miss  WORDSWORTH,  or  from  the  secretary,  Miss  LODGE,  Lady  Mar- 
garet Hall,  Oxford.  Tutors  :  Miss  Sellar,  Miss  Pearson. 

Somerville  College. — Woodstock  Road,  Oxford,  opened  in  1879, 
provides  accommodation  for  seventy-two  students;  no  student  is 
admitted  under  the  age  of  seventeen,  and  students  are  required  to 
give  satisfactory  references  to  the  principal  and  to  satisfy  her  that 
they  are  qualified  to  profit  by  the  course  of  study  at  Oxford. 

The  inclusive  charges  for  board,  lodging  and  tuition  are  £30  155. 
4d.  ($153.83),  £28  135.  4d.  ($143.33)  or  £26  ($130)  per  term, 
to  be  paid  in  advance. 


GREAT  BRITAIN.  in 

A  research  studentship  of  £50  ($250)  a  year  for  two  years  has 
recently  been  founded. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  principal,  Miss 
MAITLAND,  or  the  vice-principal,  the  HON.  ALICE  BRUCE,  Somer- 
ville  College,  Oxford.  Resident  tutors :  Miss  Lees,  Miss  Lorimer, 
Miss  M.  Pope,  Miss  Sheavyn. 

St.  Hugh's  Hall. — Oxford,  founded  in  1886,  is  intended  for 
members  of  the  Church  of  England.  It  provides  accommodation 
for  only  a  few  students.  Charges  for  board  and  residence,  £45  to 
£66  ($225  to  $330)  a  year. 

St.  Hilda's  Hall. — Oxford,  founded  in  1893,  is  conducted  ac- 
•cording  to  the  principles  of  the  Church  of  England,  with  liberty 
for  members  of  other  denominations.  Further  particulars  may  be 
obtained  from  the  principal,  MRS.  BURROWS. 

Home  Students. — Students  who  do  not  reside  in  a  hall  are  called 
"  Home  Students"  and  are  under  the  care  of  a  principal,  MRS.  A. 
H.  JOHNSON,  8  Merton  street,  Oxford,  from  whom  particulars  may 
be  obtained.  Students  may  be  received  as  boarders  in  a  private 
family  at  a  charge  of  from  £i  55.  to  £2  125.  6d.  ($6.25  to  $13.12) 
a  week.  The  cost  of  lodging  in  Oxford  is  from  125.  ($3.00)  a 
week  upwards,  and  board  may  be  reckoned  at  125.  ($3.00)  a  week. 

The  "  Calendar"  of  the  Association  may  be  obtained  from  the 
•office,  Clarendon  Building,  Oxford;  price,  6d.  ($0.12). 

Lecturers  and  Tutors. 

ARTS.  MODERN  HISTORY  :    Mr.    Armstrong  ; 

LANGUAGES.-CLASSICAL:  Messrs.  Haigh,  Maes  Burrows,  Lees,  Lodge  ;  Messrs. 

Lys;^m« Lorimer,  Rogers,  Sellar;  ^"^'c      u^wVr             Mamott' 

Mr.  Sidgwick.  Messrs.  Smith    Wakelmg. 

ENGLISH  :    Messrs.    Edwards,    Firth,  LAW  :  Mr'  Burnham. 

de  Selincourt;  Misses  Lee,  Sheavyn,  SCIENCE. 

Wardale.  MATHEMATICS  AND  PHYSICS  :  Mr.  Ger- 

MODERN  :  Mr.  Carlyle  ;  Misses  Pope,  rans  ;  Miss  Pearson  ;  Mr.  Russell. 

A.  M.  Todd,  Wardale  ;  Mr.  Wright.  NATURAL  SCIENCE  :  Miss  Kirkaldy ;  Mr. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Mr.  Hadow.  Nagel. 

OXFORD    UNIVERSITY    EXTENSION. 

In  recent  years  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  system  of  university  extension  lectures.  A  university 


112  OXFORD. 

extension  college  has  been  founded  in  Reading,  Berkshire,  and  will, 
when  fully  organised,  be  similar  to  one  of  the  university  colleges 
affiliated  to  London  University  (see  pp.  105-106). 

The  annual  summer  meeting  will  be  held  in  Oxford  from  July 
29th  to  August  23rd,  1 899 ;  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  last- 
ing from  July  29th  to  August  9th  and  the  second  from  August  9th 
to  August  23rd.  The  subject  of  this  year's  course  is  the  history, 
literature,  art,  etc.,  of  the  period  1837-1871.  There  are  also 
classes  in  architecture,  education,  economics,  languages  and  science. 
In  the  latter  there  are  classes  for  practical  work. 

The  fee  for  a  ticket  admitting  to  all  the  courses,  concerts,  con- 
versaziones, etc.,  for  the  whole  meeting  is  £i  los.  ($7.50),  a  ticket 
for  either  part  costs  £i  ($5).  There  are  extra  fees  of  los.  ($2.50) 
for  some  of  the  special  classes. 

Full  information  maybe  obtained  from  MR.  J.  A.  R.  MARRIOTT^ 
M.A.,  University  Extension  Office,  Oxford. 

Lecturers  in  1899. 

LANGUAGES.— CLASSICAL  :    Mr.  H.    G.  Hon.  G.  C.  Brodrick,  the  Hon.  W.  P. 

Gibson.  Reeves  ;  Professor  Dicey  ;  Messrs.  H. 

ENGLISH  :  Dr.  Henry  Sweet.  Belloc,    Horsburgh,    Jenks,  Johnson, 

LITERATURE:    Professor  York   Powell;  Marriott,  Phillips,  Russell,  F.  E.  Smith,. 

Messrs.  Bailey,  Bayne,  Boas,  Boding-  Souttar,  Stride. 

ton,  de  Burgh,  Churton  Collins,  Cot-  HELLENIC    STUDIES  :    Professors  Jebb, 

terill,    Ashe    King,    Lummis,    Myers,  Ernest  Gardner,  Percy  Gardner;  Messrs. 

Oldershaw,  Paul,  de  Selincourt,  Hud-  Sayce,  Wells. 

son  Shaw,  Shaw-Jeffrey,  Arthur  Sidg-  ARCHITECTURE  :  Messrs.  Francis  Bond, 

wick.  Marshall. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Lord  Farrer,  Messrs.  PEDAGOGY  :    Professor  Barnes  ;    Messrs. 

Birchenough,  Geoffrey  Drage,  Master-  Hassall,  Keatinge,  Sadler. 

man,  Owen,  Sargent.  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Miers,  Sollas  ;  Drs. 

HISTORY  :  Lords  Farrer,  Strathcona  and  Farrar,    Ransome  ;     Messrs.    Bourne,, 

Mount   Royal,  Sir  Alfred   Lyall,   the  Brown,  Burch,  Dickson. 


WALES. 


WALES. 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WALES. 

The  University  of  Wales,  constituted  in  1894,  is  a  Public  Corpo- 
ration representing  the  Counties  and  County  Boroughs  of  Wales, 
the  three  University  Colleges  and  other  educational  authorities.  It 
confers  degrees  upon  students  who  have  pursued  an  approved 
course  of  study  in  one  or  other  of  the  associated  colleges,  and  have 
passed  the  university  examinations  corresponding  thereto.  For  de- 
grees in  Theology  a  further  course  of  study  in  a  Theological  Col- 
lege is  necessary;  the  degree  of  Doctor  is  given  by  the  University 
on  the  result  of  examination  or  in  recognition  of  work. 

The  status  of  women  in  the  university  differs  in  no  respect  from 
that  of  men.  They  are  admissible  to  every  degree  and  eligible  for 
every  office  in  the  university. 

The  three  colleges  of  the  University  are : — The  University  Col- 
lege of  Wales,  the  University  College  of  North  Wales,  and  the 
University  College  of  South  Wales  and  Monmouthshire.  (See  pp. 
105—106.)  The  university  itself  is  situated  at  Newport,  Monmouth- 
shire. 

H.  R.  H.  The  Prince  of  Wales  is  the  Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity. 


H4  DbBLIN. 


IRELAND. 

There  are  two  universities  in  Ireland,  both  situated  in 
Dublin  :  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  which  is  merely 
an  examining  body ;  and  the  University  of  Dublin  (Trinity 
College),  which  is  a  college  for  men,  conferring  its  own 
degrees,  to  which  women  are  not  admitted.  Affiliated  to 
the  University  of  Ireland  are  three  small  local  colleges : 
Queen's  College,  Belfast ;  Queen's  College,  Cork ;  and 
Queen's  College,  Galway.  These  colleges  are  undenomina- 
tional ;  the  question  of  founding  a  Catholic  university  in  Ire- 
land is  being  agitated. 

DUBLIN,    Ireland. 
THE   ROYAL   UNIVERSITY    OF    IRELAND. 

The  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  founded  in  1850,  is  an  examin- 
ing body  conferring  degrees  in  Arts  (B.A.,  M.A.,  D.  Lit.)  ;  Phil- 
osophy (D.Ph.);  Science  (B.Sc.,  D.Sc.);  Engineering  (B.E., 
M.E.);  Law  (LL.B.,  LL.D.)  ;  Medicine  (M.B.,  M.D.,  B.Ch., 
M.Ch.,  B.A.O.,  M.A.O.);  Music  (B.  Mus.,  D.  Mus.). 

All  degrees,  honours,  exhibitions,  prizes,  scholarships,  student- 
ships and  junior  fellowships  in  the  university  are  open  to  students 
of  either  sex. 

The  degrees  are  conferred  on  candidates  that  have  passed  a  pre- 
scribed series  of  examinations  held  by  examiners  appointed  by  the 
university.  The  examinations  must  be  taken  in  a  prescribed  order, 
and  in  general  an  interval  of  at  least  one  academic  year  must  elapse 
between  two  consecutive  examinations. 

The  B.Sc.  degree  differs  from  that  of  the  University  of  London 
in  being  conferred  on  the  result  of  an  examination  taken  after  an 
interval  of  at  least  one  academic  year  from  the  time  of  graduating 
in  any  faculty  of  the  university. 


IRELAND.  115 

Prizes,  exhibitions,  scholarships,  and  fellowships,  varying  in  value 
from  £12  ($60)  to  £200  ($1,000)  a  year,  for  four  years  are  open 
to  competition. 

No  conditions  as  to  residence  are  imposed,  and  candidates  for  de- 
grees may  obtain  their  education  where  they  please. 

Colleges  affiliated  with  the  Royal  University  are  the  Queen's 
Colleges  of  Belfast,  Cork  and  Galway ;  (see  below) . 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Calendar  of  the 
Royal  University  of  Ireland  or  from  the  registrar,  The  Royal 
University  of  Ireland,  Dublin. 

COLLEGES   AFFILIATED    TO    THE    ROYAL    UNIVERSITY 
OF   IRELAND. 

Belfast,  Cork,  Galway. 

The  three  colleges,  Queen's  College,  Belfast;  Queen's  College, 
Cork;  and  Queen's  College,  Galway,  prepare  for  the  examinations 
of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland ;  they  provide  lectures,  but  do 
not  provide  for  residence.  Women  are  admitted  on  the  same  con- 
ditions as  men  to  all  the  lectures,  and  by  a  recent  decree  all  scholar- 
ships and  prizes  have  been  opened  to  them,  so  that  women  have 
now  equal  facilities  with  men. 

The  college  session,  beginning  in  October,  is  divided  into  three 
terms,  each  of  about  ten  weeks'  duration. 

The  fee  for  each  cpurse  is  £2  ($10)  or  £3  ($15)  for  the  session. 
Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  registrar  of  the  par- 
ticular college. 

THE    UNIVERSITY  OF   DUBLIN. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

The  University  of  Dublin  consists  of  only  one  college,  Trinity 
College,  founded  in  1591 .  It  confers  degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law, 
Medicine,  Theology  and  Music. 

No  degrees  are  granted  to  women,  and  women  are  admitted  only 
to  those  lectures  that  are  open  to  the  public  and  free.  Public  lec- 
tures are  given  in  German,  Hebrew,  Irish,  Biblical  Greek,  Ancient 


Ii6  DUBLIN. 

History,  Astronomy,  Geology  and  Mineralogy,  Law,  Divinity  and 
Oratory. 

In  1895,  with  a  view  to  testing  the  probable  numbers  and  the 
ability  of  the  women  students  who  wished  to  be  admitted  to  the 
honour  examinations,  the  university  framed  the  following  new  regu- 
lations applying  to  the  years  1896,  1897  and  1898  only: 

1 .  Women  who  have  obtained  at  any  of  the  Trinity  College  ex- 
aminations either  a  junior  or  a  senior  certificate*  may  be  examined 
in  the  same  honour  courses  as  the  senior  freshmen. 

2.  Those  who  have  obtained  a  senior  certificate  may,  under  the 
same  conditions,  if  they  prefer  it,  be  examined  in  any  of  the  courses 
for  moderatorships. 

The  university  then  decided  that  the  rules  were  to  remain  in  force 
for  the  years  1899  and  1900. 

Women  are  permitted  to  use  the  university  library  for  purposes 
of  research  on  the  same  conditions  as  men. 

There  are  three  terms  in  the  year :  Michaelmas  term,  beginning 
October  loth  and  ending  December  2oth ;  Hilary  term,  beginning 
January  loth  and  ending  March  25th ;  Trinity  term,  beginning  April 
1 5th  and  ending  June  3oth. 

Full  information  is  given  in  the  Dublin  University  Calendar 
(Dublin),  Hodges,  Figgis  &  Co.;  price,  45.  ($1.00).  Enquiries 
may  be  addressed  to  the  registrar,  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor  Ab-  COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

bott ;  Messrs.  Beare,  White,  Wilkins.  Atkinson. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Lane  Poole.  PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors   Beare,    John- 

CLASSICAL:  Professors   Bury,   Purser,  ston. 

Tyrrell ;  Mr.  Smyly.  POLITICAL    ECONOMY  :    Professor    Bas- 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Edward  Dowden.  table. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Selss.  HISTORY  :  Professors  Bury,  Mahaffy. 
ROMANCE:  Professor  Atkinson.  ORATORY  (Rhetoric):    Professor  DOW- 
IRISH  :  Professor  Murphy.  den. 


*  The  university  arranges  special  "examinations  for  women"  and  successful  candidates  receive 
the  junior  certificate,  the  senior  certificate,  or  a  certificate  of  honour,  according  to  the  examination 
taken.  These  examinations  cover  the  same  range  of  subjects  and  are  of  about  the  same  grade  as 
ordinary  English  college  entrance  examinations. 


IRELAND. 


117 


SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Burnside,  Joly,  Arthur  Panton. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Fitzgerald,  Tarle- 
ton ;  Messrs.  Joly,  Thrift,  Traill, 
Trouton. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Reynolds;  Messrs. 
Bailey,  E.  A.  Werner. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 
Joly. 

BIOLOGY:  Professors  Mackintosh,  Wright; 

Mr.  Dixon. 
ENGINEERING  :     Professor    Alexander ; 

Mr.  Walter  E.  Lilly. 


LA  IV. 

Professors  Hart,  Leech,  Thompson. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Charles  Bent  Ball,  Bennett, 
Cunningham,  Little,  O' Sullivan. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bernard,  Charles,  Dickin- 
son, Gwynn,  Lawlor ;  Dr.  Kennedy ; 
Messrs.  Berry,  Carleton,  Graham,  Rob- 
erts, Walsh,  White,  Wilkins. 

MUSIC. 

Professor  Ebenezer  Prout. 


uS  ABERDEEN. 


SCOTLAND. 

There  are  four  universities  in  Scotland — Aberdeen,  St. 
Andrews,  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow.  These  are  all  teaching 
as  well  as  examining  bodies  and  confer  degrees.  Women 
are  in  every  case  admitted  to  the  degrees  in  Arts,  Science 
and  Medicine,  and  at  Aberdeen  to  the  degrees  in  Law.  The 
university  lectures  are  as  a  rule  open  to  women,  but  in  some 
cases  separate  instruction  is  provided  for  them,  and  separate 
lectures  are  given  by  the  university  professors  and  lecturers. 

University  College,  Dundee,  affiliated  to  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity, admits  women  to  all  its  classes  and  prepares  for  the 
examinations  of  Edinburgh,  Glasgow  and  London  Universi- 
ties. There  are  special  medical  schools  for  women  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow. 

ABERDEEN,    Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY   OF   ABERDEEN. 

The  University  of  Aberdeen  gives  instruction  and  confers  de- 
grees in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology.  Women 
are  admitted  to  graduation  in  all  these  subjects  with  the  exception 
of  Theology,  and  all  classes  in  Arts  and  Science  are  open  to  women, 
as  are  also,  with  some  exceptions,  the  classes  in  Medicine. 

The  academic  year  is  divided,  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science 
and  Medicine,  into  two  sessions,  the  winter  session  beginning  in 
the  middle  of  October  and  ending  in  the  middle  of  March,  and 
the  summer  session  beginning  in  the  end  of  April  and  ending  about 
the  middle  of  July. 

The  matriculation  fee  is  one  guinea  ($5.25)  and  the  class  fees 
vary  from  one  to  three  guineas  ($5.25  to  $15.75).  There  are 
numerous  prizes  and  bursaries,  the  majority  of  which  are  open  to 
women. 


SCOTLAND.  119 

Women  are  permitted  to  use  the  same  libraries  and  reading  rooms 
as  the  men  students. 

A  hall  of  residence  for  women  students,  Castleton  House,  Chan- 
onry,  Old  Aberdeen,  was  opened  in  October,  1898,  under  the 
charge  of  a  lady  warden.  Terms  for  board  and  lodging  are  £i  is. 
($5.25)  a  week. 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  secretary,  MR.  DONALDSON 
ROSE  THOM. 

The  Aberdeen  University  Calendar  is  published  by  A.  King  & 
Co.,  Aberdeen;  price,  2s.  6d.  ($0.62). 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor   Gil-  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Niven 

roy.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Japp. 
CLASSICAL  :      Professors      Ilarrower,  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  MacWilliam,  Mich- 
Ramsay,  olson ;  Mr.  Brown. 
GERMANIC  :  Mr.  Hein.  BOTANY  :  Professor  Trail. 
ENGLISH  :  Professor  Grierson.  AGRICULTURE  :  Messrs.  Hendrick,  Wil- 
ROMANCE  :  Dr.  Scholle.  son. 
PHILOSOPHY  :       Professors      Davidson,  LAIF; 

Royce,  Sorley ;  Mr.  Stout.  Professor}.  D.  Wilson;  Mr.  Duguid. 
HISTORY  :  Mr.  Terry. 

ELOCUTION  :  Mr.  Macleod.  MEDICINE. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Mr.  Clarke.  Professors    Cash,    Finlay,    Hamilton, 

Hay,  Ogston,  Reid,  Stephenson. 

MATHEMATICS:    Professor    Pirie ;    Mr.  THEOLOGY. 

Clark.  Professors  Cowan,  Johnston,  Paterson. 


DUNDEE,  Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE. 

This  college  provides  instruction  in  Arts,  Science  and  Medicine, 
and  prepares  students  for  graduation  in  these  subjects  at  the  Uni- 
versities of  St.  Andrews,  London,  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow. 

The  classes  are  open  to  all  persons  without  restrictions  as  to  age 
or  sex,  but  all  candidates  for  graduation  must  take  the  preliminary 
examination  or  must  have  taken  an  equivalent  examination.  The 
entrance  examinations  of  most  American  or  European  universities 
are  considered  equivalent. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  a  winter  session,  beginning  on 


120  EDINBURGH. 

October  i2th  and  ending  on  March  22nd,  and  a  summer  session, 
beginning  on  April  25th  and  ending  on  June  3oth. 

The  fees  for  each  class  are  from  one  guinea  ($5.25)  to  three 
guineas  ($15.75).  Tne  matriculation  fee  is  los.  6d.  ($2.62). 

Students  do  not  reside  in  the  college. 

For  further  information  see  the  college  calendar,  or  apply  to  the 
secretary,  MR.  R.  N.  KERR. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL  :  Mr.  Hannay.  BIOLOGY  :   Professors  Geddes,  Mackay, 

ENGLISH:  Professor  M'Cormick.  Waymouth  Reid,  D'Arcy  W.  Thomp- 

GERMAN  AND  FRENCH  :  Mr.  Durlac.  son  ;  Mr.  Waite. 

SCIENCE.  ENGINEERING  :  Professor  Claxton  Fidler; 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Steggall ;  Dr.  ' 

M'  Co  wan .  MEDICINE. 

PHYSICS:    Professor  Kuenen ;   Dr.   M'-  Professors   MacEwan,    Stalker;    Drs. 

Cowan.  M'Gillivray,  Rorie,  Templeraan,  Whyte; 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Walker ;     Dr.       Mr.  Greig. 
Lumsden  ;  Mr.  Wood. 

EDINBURGH,    Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY    OF    EDINBURGH. 

This  university,  founded  in  1582,  is  a  teaching  and  examining 
body,  giving  instruction  and  conferring  degrees  in  Arts,  Science, 
Law,  Medicine  and  Theology. 

Students  desiring  to  attend  the  classes  must  obtain  a  matricula- 
tion card  and  pay  the  matriculation  fee  of  one  guinea  ($5.25). 
The  matriculation  fees,  class  fees,  etc.,  amount  to  about  ten 
guineas  ($52.50)  yearly.  Fees  for  the  separate  classes  are  from 
one  guinea  ($5.25)  to  three  guineas  ($15.75)  for  the  session. 

All  the  Arts  classes  and  some  of  the  Science  classes  have  been 
open  to  women  since  1892,  but  some  of  the  instruction  in  Science 
is  given  for  women  at  the  Edinburgh  School  of  Medicine  for 
Women,  Surgeon  Square,  Edinburgh,  and  at  the  Medical  College 
for  Women,  Chambers  Street,  Edinburgh. 

All  the  degrees  in  Arts,  Science  and  Medicine  are  open  to  women ; 
women  are,  moreover,  allowed  to  graduate  in  subjects  in  which  the 
university  has  not  provided  for  their  teaching  if  they  obtain  instruc- 
tion of  a  kind  specified  by  the  university. 


SCOTLAND.  121 

A  section  of  the  university  library  is  set  apart  for  women  and 
they  have  access  to  all  the  books. 

The  university  scholarships  are  not  generally  open  to  women,  but 
there  are  several  scholarships  open  to  women  only. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  two  sessions — a  winter  session, 
beginning  early  in  October  and  ending  early  in  April ;  a  summer 
session,  beginning  early  in  May  and  ending  early  in  July. 

There  are  no  requirements  as  to  residence,  but  there  are  three  halls 
of  residence  for  women  students :  Crudelius  House,  6  Archibald 
Place,  Edinburgh;  terms  for  board  and  lodging  from  i8s.  ($4.50) 
per  week,  including  the  use  of  a  common  sitting  room,  light, 
service,  etc. ;  for  particulars  apply  to  the  hon.  secretary,  Miss  H. 
McLEAN,  35  Howe  Street,  Edinburgh; — Masson  Hall,  31  George 
Square,  Edinburgh ;  terms  may  be  had  on  application  to  the 
warden,  Miss  F.  H.  SIMPSON; — Muir  Hall,  12  George  Square, 
Edinburgh,  for  students  of  medicine ;  terms  for  board  and  lodging 
from  1 6s.  6d.  ($4.12)  per  week;  apply  to  the  lady  superinten- 
dent, Miss  ROBERTSON. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity Calendar,  published  by  James  Thin,  55  South  Bridge, 
Edinburgh,  price,  35.  ($0.75)  ;  or  from  Miss  LOUISA  STEVENSON, 
hon.  secretary  of  the  Edinburgh  Association  for  the  University 
Education  of  Women,  13  Randolph  Crescent,  Edinburgh. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.— SEMITIC  :  Professor  Ken-  PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Laurie. 

ne(jy  ART     AND     ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professor 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Butcher,  Har-  Brown ;  Mr.  Kern, 

die  ;  Messrs.  Mill,  Thomson.  SCIENCE. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Saintsbury ;  Mr.  MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
Smith.  fessors  Chrystal,  Copeland;  Dr.  Knott; 

GERMANIC  :  Dr.  Schlapp.  Mr.  Tweedie. 

ROMANCE  :  Dr .  Sarolea.  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Tait ;  Dr.  Peddie. 

CELTIC  :  Professor  Mackinnon.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Crum  Brown  ; 
COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  :  Professor  Dr.  Dobbin. 

Eggeling.  MINERALOGY  :  Dr.  Marshall. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Pattison,  Seth  ;  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Geikie  ;  Mr.  Flett. 

Mr.  Hardie.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  I.  B.  Balfour, 
POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  Professor  Nichol-  Ewart ;  Mr.  Burrage. 

son.  ENGINEERING  :  Professor  Armstrong. 

HISTORY:     Professors  Kirkpatrick,  Pro-  AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Wallace  ;  Drs. 

thero.  Aitken,  Fream  ;   Colonel  Bailey. 


122  EDINBL'RGh. 

LAW. 

Professors  Sir   Ludovic   Grant,    Kirk-  Turner;  Drs.  Beard,  Carlier,  Carmichaelr 

patrick,   Sir  H.   D.   Littlejohn,    Mackin-  Clouston,    Dobbin,    Hepburn,    M' Bride, 

tosh,      Nicholson,       Rankine,      Wood;  Muir,  Playfair;  Messrs.  Berry,  Sillar. 
Messrs.  Burnet,  Cook. 

THEOLOGY. 

MEDICINE.  Professors    Flint,     Kennedy,    Taylor, 

Professors  Annandale,  Balfour,  Brown,  Thiele. 

Chiene,  Ewart,  Greenfield,  Fraser,  Ruth-  MUSIC. 

erford,  Simpson,  Sir  T.  Stewart,  Sir  Wm.  Professors  Niecks,  Kirkpatrick. 

EDINBURGH  SUMMER  SCHOOL  OF  MODERN  LANGUAGES. 

The  object  of  this  school  is  to  extend  the  knowledge  and  advance 
the  teaching  of  Modern  Languages.  In  1899  courses  in  French 
and  English  Language,  Literature,  History,  Geography,  etc.,  for 
both  French  and  English  students  will  be  given  in  Edinburgh  from 
August  ist  to  August  26th. 

The  inclusive  fee  is  £2  2s.  ($10.50)  and  students  can  board  in 
one  of  the  houses  of  University  Hall  for  £i  55.  ($6.25)  weekly. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  secretary,  Outlook  Towerr 

Castlehill,  Edinburgh. 

Lecturers, 

ENGLISH  :  Professors  Geddes,    Kirkpat-       FRENCH  :    Professors   Seignobos  ;    MM, 
rick  ;  Messrs.    Cran,   Eyre-Todd,  Kel-  Bazalgette,  Delvolve,  Guyou,  Mansion, 

man,  Jr.,  Marr,  Wyld.  Marillier. 

EDINBURGH    SCHOOL   OF  MEDICINE   FOR   WOMEN. 
Surgeon   Square,  Edinburgh. 

This  school,  in  connection  with  the  Royal  Infirmary,  Edinburgh, 
in  which  eighty  beds  are  set  apart  for  the  clinical  instruction  of 
women,  prepares  for  the  medical  examinations  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  The  two  years'  residence  required  by  the  university 
can  be  kept  at  this  school. 

The  year  is  divided  into  the  winter  session,  beginning  about 
October  loth  and  ending  about  April  ist,  and  the  summer  session, 
beginning  about  May  ist  and  ending  about  August  ist.  The  full 
course  of  study  is  five  years.  The  school  and  hospital  fees  vary 
from  £20  ($100)  to  £30  ($150)  a  year;  the  total  expense  of  the 
five  years'  course  is  estimated  to  be  about  £160  ($800). 

There  are  several  scholarships  and  bursaries,  varying  in  value 
from  £25  ($125)  to  £50  ($250)  a  year. 


SCOTLAND. 


123 


There  is  as  yet  no  hall  of  residence,  but  it  is  hoped  that  one  will 
soon  be  founded. 

For  further  information  apply  to  Miss  LA  COUR,  School  of  Medi- 
cine, Surgeon  Square,  Edinburgh,  who  will  send  copies  of  the 
school  prospectus  and  of  the  Syllabus  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  post  free,  for  6d.  ($0.12). 

Lecturers. 

MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY.  Stockman ;  Messrs.  Berry,  Cathcart,  Cot- 

Drs.      Aitken,     Bramwell,      Graham  terill,    Hardie,    Leith ;    Miss    Jessie  M. 

Brown,    Bruce,   Clouston,  Groom,    Hus-  McGregor ;  Mr.  McLaren  ;  Miss  Marion 

band,  Jamieson,  Sophia  Jex-Blake,  Lit-  Newbigin ;  Messrs.  Thomson,  Turnbull, 

tlejohn,     McBride,    Muir,    Noel    Paton,  Wood. 

MEDICAL   COLLEGE    FOR   WOMEN. 
20  Chambers  Street,  Edinburgh. 

The  particulars  given  for  the  School  of  Medicine  hold  good  for 
the  Medical  College.  For  further  information  apply  to  the  secre- 
tary, Miss  MACKAY. 

Lecturers. 

Drs.  Ballantyne,  Cathcart,  Craig,  Cum-  Berry,  Brewis,    Cadell,  Littlejohn,    Ma- 

ming,  Gibson,  Husband,  Mackay,  Mac-  cadam,  Murdoch,  Miss  Newbigin,  Messrs. 

pherson,    Noel    Paton,    Philip,    Russell,  Thomson,  Turnbull,  Whitaker. 
Thomson,  Tuke, Turner, Walker  ;  Messrs. 


GLASGOW,  Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY   OF   GLASGOW. 

This  university,  founded  in  1451,  is  a  teaching  and  examining 
body  giving  instruction  and  conferring  degrees  in  the  five  Faculties 
of  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology. 

The  requirements  for  admission  to  the  university  are  the  prelimi- 
nary examinations,  which  are  different  for  Arts,  Science  and  Medi- 
cine, and  must  be  passed  by  all  the  students  who  wish  to  take  the 
degrees.  The  classes  are  also  open,  without  any  preliminary  ex- 
aminations, to  students  not  desiring  to  take  the  degrees. 

In  1892  the  University  Commissioners  empowered  the  Scotch 
University  Courts  to  provide  instruction  for  women,  and  accord- 


124  GLASGOW. 

ingly  Queen  Margaret  College,  a  college  for  women  only,  was 
taken  over  by  the  university  and  formed  into  a  women's  department. 

In  Queen  Margaret  College  lectures  in  Arts,  Science,  Mental 
Philosophy  and  Medicine  are  given  for  women  only  by  the  uni- 
versity professors,  and  these  lectures  qualify  for  the  degrees  of  the 
university. 

All  degrees  of  the  university  are  open  to  women  on  the  same 
conditions  as  to  men.  After  graduation  women  become  members 
of  the  University  Council. 

In  addition  to  the  classes  for  women  held  in  Queen  Margaret 
College,  women  have  been  allowed  to  attend  a  few  of  the  honours 
classes  in  the  university  in  Moral  Philosophy,  Political  Economy, 
History,  Education,  and  Insanity. 

In  Medicine  a  complete  course  of  five  years'  instruction  is 
arranged  by  Queen  Margaret  College,  and  in  the  Royal  in- 
firmary 200  beds  are  appropriated  to  the  exclusive  instruction  of 
women  students.  Women  also  study  at  the  Royal  Hospital  for 
Sick  Children,  the  Glasgow  Maternity  Hospital,  the  Royal  Lunatic 
Asylum,  Gartnavel ;  the  Eye  Hospital,  Charlotte  Street ;  and  the 
City  of  Glasgow  Fever  Hospital. 

The  number  of  women  students  in  1897-98  was  257,  of  whom 
67  took  the  courses  in  Medicine.  Permission  to  attend  courses  in 
Law  and  Divinity  has  not  yet  been  applied  for  by  women. 

Women  students  are  allowed  to  borrow  books  from  the  university 
library,  and  there  is  a  reading  room  in  Queen  Margaret  College. 

Queen  Margaret  College  has  in  connection  with  it  a  hall  of  resi- 
dence for  women  students,  information  in  regard  to  which  may  be 
obtained  from  MRS.  RIDDOCH,  honorary  secretary,  34  Lawrence 
Place,  Dowanhill,  Glasgow.  The  terms  for  board  and  lodging  are 
from  £i  ($5)  a  week. 

The  college  year  is  divided  into  two  sessions:  the  winter  session, 
beginning  October  2oth  and  ending  March  23rd ;  the  spring  session, 
beginning,  in  Medicine  and  Science,  on  April  25th,  and  in  Arts  on 
May  2nd,  lasting  in  each  case  ten  weeks. 

The  fees  are  from  one  guinea  ($5.25)  to  three  guineas  ($15.75) 


SCOTLAND.  125. 

for  each  class  for  the  session,  and  should  be  paid  at  the  secretary's 
office,  Queen  Margaret  College. 

The  majority  of  scholarships  and  fellowships  are  not  open  to- 
women,  but  the  university  has  been  empowered  to  open  to  women 
any  scholarships  or  fellowships  that  have  been  founded  not  more 
than  twenty-five  years. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity Calendar,  published  by  James  Maclehose  &  Sons,  61  St.  Vin- 
cent Street,  Glasgow;  price,  35.  ($0.75)' 

Professors  and  Lecturers 

ARTS.  CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Ferguson;  Messrs. 

LANGUAGES.  — SEMITIC:  Professor  Rob-  Gray,  Lang. 

ertson.  BOTANY  :  Professor  Bower. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Murray,  Ram-  BIOLOGY  :  Professor  Young. 

say;    Messsrs.    Balgarnie,    Brown,  ENGINEERING:    Professors   Barr,  Biles; 

Macdonald.  Mr.  Cormack. 

ENGLISH  :    Professoi     Bradley ;    Mr. 
T/>ck 

GERMANIC  :  Dr.  Tille.  T  *&""***•  Moody  Stuart;  Messrs. 

ROMANCE  :  Mr.  Mercier.  Irvme>  Mackenzie,  M'Kechme,  Miller. 

PHILOSOPHY  :      Professors      Adamson,  MEDICINE 

Jones;  Messrs.  Duff  Smith  Professors  Anderson,  Buchanan,  Cam- 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Smart.  g^j    Coa      £&irdn       Qjais 

HISTORY  :  Professor  Lodge.  Macewen,  M'Kendrick,  Stockman;  Drs. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Dr.  Ross.  Anderson,  Barr,  Ramsay,  Reid,  Yellow- 

SCIENCE.  les>  Young,   Workman;    Messrs.  Bryce, 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :   Pro-  Downie,  Gemmill,  Pringle. 
fessors  Becker,  Jack  ;  Messrs.  Carslaw, 

Lindsay.  THEOLOGY. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Lord  Kelvin;  Messrs.  Professors  Hastie,  Stewart,  Story;  Dr. 

Blyth,  Maclean.  Foster. 

ST.  ANDREWS,  Fife,  Scotland. 
THE    UNIVERSITY   AND    COLLEGE   OF   ST.   ANDREWS. 

The  University  of  St.  Andrews  gives  instruction  and  confers  de- 
grees in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology.  In  it  are 
incorporated  the  United  Colleges  of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard, 
restricted  to  the  teaching  of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine,  and 
the  College  of  St.  Mary,  which  is  restricted  to  the  teaching  of  The- 
ology. Degrees  are  conferred  on  candidates  who  have  attended 
certain  classes  for  specified  times  and  passed  certain  examinations. 


126  ST.  ANDREWS. 

All  classes  are  open,  without  restrictions,  to  women,  as  are  also 
degrees  in  Arts,  Science  and  Medicine.  In  special  cases  graduates 
of  foreign  universities  are  excused  from  the  preliminary  examina- 
tions for  the  degrees. 

The  University  of  St.  Andrews  holds  a  special  examination  for 
women  only  and  grants  to  all  who  pass'this  examination  a  diploma 
and  the  title  of  L.L.A. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  two  sessions :  a  winter  session 
of  twenty  weeks,  beginning  early  in  October,  and  a  summer  session 
of  ten  weeks,  beginning  in  the  fourth  week  of  April. 

The  fees  are  £3  35.  ($i5«75)  f°r  each  class  for  the  winter  session 
and  £2  2s.  ($10.50)  for  the  summer  session.  The  matriculation 
feeis£i  is.  ($5.25). 

Several  bursaries  (scholarships)  varying  in  value  from  £15  to 
£30  ($75  to  $150)  yearly  are  open  for  competition  to  women  stu- 
dents only.  The  question  of  opening  more  of  the  bursaries  and 
fellowships  to  women  is  under  consideration. 

There  is  a  hall  of  residence  for  women  students  (University  Hall, 
St.  Andrews).  The  charge  for  board  and  residence  is  from  £30 
($150)  for  the  winter  session  and  from  £15  ($75)  for  the  summer 
session.  Enquiries  should  be  addressed  to  the  warden  of  the  hall, 
Miss  LOUISA  INNES  LUMSDEN. 

Further  particulars  in  regard  to  the  university  may  be  found  in 
the  St.  Andrews  University  Calendar,  and  further  information  may 
be  obtained  from  the  registrar,  the  University  of  St.  Andrews, 
Scotland. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor  Bir-  PHYSICS  :  Professor  Butler. 

rell.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Purdie. 

CLASSICAL:    Professors  Burnet,  Rob-  BIOLOGY:   Professor  William  M' I ntosh  ; 

erts.  Mr.  Robertson. 

ENGLISH:  Professor  Lawson.  MEDICINE 

MODERN  GREEK  :  Dr.  Jannaris.  „      ., 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Knight,  Ritchie.  n  Professor  Pettigrew  ;  Dr.    Musgrove  ; 

HISTORY  :  Dr.  Mackinnon.  Mr-  Wy«  J  M™  Umpherston. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Meiklejohn.  THEOLOGY. 

SCIENCE.  Professors  Herkless,  Menzies,  Stewart. 
MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Lang. 


GREECE.  127 


GREECE. 

The  only  educational  institutions  of  any  importance  in 
Greece  are  the  National  University  in  Athens,  and  the  Amer- 
ican, English,  French  and  German  Schools  of  Archaeology, 
also  situated  in  Athens.  The  University  of  Athens  was 
opened  to  women  in  December,  1895.  The  other  schools, 
which  give  no  degrees,  are  founded  principally  for  the  pur- 
poses of  research  and  exploration,  and  in  general  admit 
women. 

ATHENS,  Greece. 
THE  UNIVERSITY    OF   ATHENS. 

This  university  was  founded  in  1837  on  the  same  general  plan  as 
that  of  the  German  universities.  It  was  opened  to  women,  in  spite 
of  great  opposition,  in  December,  1895,  and  there  have  been  a  num- 
ber of  women  students  at  the  university  several  of  whom  have  ob- 
tained the  Doctor's  degree.  All  the  libraries,  reading  rooms  and 
laboratories  are  open  to  women  students  and  a  library  and  reading 
room  have  been  established  specially  for  women  students.  The 
university  consists  of  the  four  Faculties  of  Philosophy  (Arts  and 
Science) ,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology,  and  confers  the  degree  of 
Doctor  in  each  of  these  faculties. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  the  winter  semester,  beginning 
on  September  i5th  and  ending  on  February  ist,  and  the  summer 
semester,  lasting  from  February  ist  till  June  i5th. 

The  tuition  fees  for  the  year  are  i6odr.  ($19.20),  and  there  is  a 
fee  of  loodr.  ($12)  for  the  Diploma  of  Doctor. 

The  number  of  professors  is  very  large,  and  on  this  account  the 
list  is  omitted.  It  may  be  found  in  the  Minerva  Jahrbuch  der 
Gelehrten  Welt.  For  further  information  apply  to  the  secretary, 
MR.  PETROS  BRYZAKIS. 


128  ATHENS. 

THE   AMERICAN    SCHOOL   OF   CLASSICAL    STUDIES. 

This  school  was  founded  by  the  Archaeological  Institute  of 
America  in  1881  and  is  supported  by  the  cooperation  of  leading 
American  universities  and  colleges.  Its  object  is  to  furnish  an 
opportunity  to  study  classical  Literature,  Art  and  Antiquities  and  to 
aid  in  conducting  the  exploration  and  excavation  of  classical  sites. 

All  the  courses  and  privileges  of  the  school  are  open  to  women 
as  to  men.  Bachelors  of  Arts  of  cooperating  colleges,  and  Bache- 
lors of  Arts  who  have  been  graduate  students  at  cooperating  col- 
leges, are  admitted  to  membership  on  presenting  a  certificate  from 
the  classical  department  of  the  college  in  which  they  last  studied. 
American  students,  resident  or  travelling  in  Greece,  may  be  enrolled 
as  special  students  at  the  discretion  of  the  director. 

The  applicant  for  admission  to  the  school  should  fill  out  a  regis- 
tration blank  (which  may  be  obtained  from  the  chairman  of  the 
managing  committee  or  from  the  director) ,  and  send  this  with  his 
credentials  to  the  chairman,  Prof.  Thomas  Day  Seymour,  Yale  Uni- 
versity, New  Haven,  Conn. 

Two  fellowships,  of  the  value  of  $600,  are  awarded  yearly, 
mainly  on  the  result  of  a  written  examination,  held  in  March,  but 
other  evidences  of  ability  and  attainments  will  be  considered.  A 
third  fellowship,  the  "Agnes  Hoppin  Memorial  Fellowship,"  of  the 
value  of  $1,000,  is  available  for  the  years  1899  and  1900,  and  will 
be  awarded  to  a  woman  who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  shall 
seem  to  be  worthy  of  receiving  it.  Particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  fellowships,  PROF.  BEN- 
JAMIN I.  WHEELER,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

The  director  and  professors  reside  in  Athens  during  the  school 
year,  from  October  ist  to  June  ist. 

Members  pay  no  fees ;  other  persons  admitted  to  the  school  pay 
$25  a  year  for  tuition.  At  large  hotels  in  Athens  board  and  lodg- 
ing can  be  obtained  for  $14  per  week ;  at  small  hotels  and  in  pri- 
vate families  for  $5.50. 

Director,  Rufus  Byam  Richardson ;  Professor  of  the  Greek  Lan- 
guage and  Literature  for  1899-1900,  Herbert  Weir  Smyth, Professor 


GREECE.  129 

of  Greek.  Bryn  Mawr  College;  for  1900-1901,  Edward  Delavan 
Perry,  Professor  of  Greek,  Columbia  University. 


THE   BRITISH    SCHOOL   AT   ATHENS. 

This  school,  founded  in  1886  by  the  University  of  Oxford  and 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic  Studies,  has  for  its  ob- 
ject the  study  of  Greek  Art,  Archaeology,  Language  and  Literature. 

Students  holding  fellowships  or  scholarships  from  any  British 
university,  or  belonging  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Art  or  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  and  other  persons  of  British  nation- 
ality who  can  give  satisfactory  proof  of  their  ability  to  profit  by 
the  courses  of  the  school,  are  admitted  as  students.  Every  student 
must  stay  at  least  three  months.  Women  are  admitted  on  the  same 
conditions  as  men. 

The  director  resides  in  Athens  from  the  beginning  of  November 
until  the  end  of  June. 

There  are  no  fees  for  tuition  or  for  the  use  of  the  library.  Men 
students  are  expected  to  reside  in  the  hostel,  paying  i5dr.  ($1.80) 
a  week  for  their  rooms. 

Director,  DAVID  GEORGE  HOGARTH,  Esq.,  The  British  School  at 
Athens.  Hon.  secretary,  WILLIAM  LORING,  Esq.,  2  Hare  Court, 
Temple,  London,  E.  C. 

KAISERLICH     DEUTSCHES      ARCHAOLOGISCHES     INSTITUT. 

The  German  schools  at  Athens  and  Rome  were  founded  in  1829 
and  are  under  the  control  of  the  Central-Direktion  in  Berlin. 
They  have  for  their  object  the  furthering  of  archaeological  studies. 

Women  are  allowed  on  the  same  conditions  as  men  to  attend  the 
lectures,  libraries  and  reading-rooms,  and  to  take  part  in  the  excur- 
sions. 

Secretaries  in  Athens:  PROFESSOR  DR.  WILHELM  DORPFELD, 
DR.  PAUL  WOLTERS. 


130  ATHENS. 

ECOLE    FRAN9AISE    D'ATHENES. 

The  school  was  founded  in  1847,  and  has  for  its  object  archaeo- 
logical research  and  exploration. 

Members  must  hold  the  degree  of  Docteur  es  Lettrcs  or  Agrege 
des  Lettres,  de  Grammaire,  de  Philosophic*  d* Histoire  or  des 
Sciences. 

The  number  of  members  of  the  school  is  fixed  at  six,  and  ad- 
mission depends  on  the  results  of  a  competitive  examination,  both 
oral  and  written. 

Women  are  allowed  to  attend  the  public  lectures  given  in  the 
school  and  to  use  the  library  on  application  to  the  Director. 

Director,  M.  HOMOLLE  ;  honorary  directors,  MM.  BURNOUF  and 
FOUCART. 


HUNGARY,  IRELAND.  131 

HUNGARY. 

The  universities  of  Hungary  are  similar  to  those  of  Ger- 
many and  Austria  in  general  plan;  see  pp.  1-3,  62-64. 
They  are  three  in  number,  namely,  the  universities  of  Agram, 
Budapest  and  Klausenberg.  Of  these  the  University  of 
Budapest  is  the  oldest  and  the  most  important ;  it  comprises 
the  four  Faculties  of  Theology,  Law,  Medicine  and  Philos- 
ophy (Arts  and  Science) ,  while  the  University  of  Agram  has 
no  Faculty  of  Medicine  and  that  of  Klausenberg  no  Faculty 
of  Theology.  It  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  give  the 
list  of  professors  at  these  universities ;  it  may  be  found  in  the 
Minerva  Jahrbuch  der  Gelehrten  Welt. 

In  December,  1895,  the  philosophical,  medical  and  phar- 
maceutical departments  in  the  universities  of  Hungary  were 
formally  opened  to  women  by  a  decree  of  the  Hungarian 
Minister  of  Education.  In  his  decree  to  the  universities  the 
Minister  gave  in  detail  the  reasons  which  induced  him  to  take 
the  step.  Briefly  summarised  they  are :  that  the  conditions 
of  society  have  so  changed  that  women  are  now  more  often 
obliged  to  undertake  remunerative  labor ;  that  they  are  well- 
fitted  for  scientific  and  educational  work,  and  that,  therefore, 
facilities  for  study  should  be  offered  to  them. 

In  order  to  enter  the  universities  women  have,  however,  to 
fill  the  same  requirements  as  men,  that  is,  to  pass  the  Maturi- 
tdtsprufung,  and  the  severity  of  the  test  shall,  the  decree 
states,  be  in  no  case  relaxed.  They  are  also  obliged  to  take 
part  in  the  dissecting,  practical  work,  etc. 

The  fee  charged  for  admission  to  all  lectures  for  one  semes- 
ter is  30  florins  ($15). 

For  dates  of  semesters  and  general  particulars,  see  under 
Germany  and  Austria. 

IRELAND. 

See  pp.  114-117. 


132  2TAL  Y. 


ITALY. 

There  are  in  Italy  seventeen  state  universities,  four  free 
universities  and  two  institutions  similar  to  universities,  the  7?. 
Istituto  Superiore  di  studi  practici  e  di  perfezionamento  at 
Florence, and  the  R.  Accademia  Scientifico-litteraria  at  Milan, 
the  first  giving  courses  in  Arts,  Science  and  Medicine,  and 
the  latter  courses  in  Philosophy  and  Philology.  There  are 
American,  French  and  German  schools  of  Archaeology  in 
Rome  similar  to  those  in  Athens,  and  there  is  a  zoological 
station  at  Naples  at  which  many  Americans  study. 

The  universities  as  a  rule  provide  instruction  and  confer 
degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Medicine.  The  candi- 
date for  the  degree  of  Doctor  (laured)  must  attend  a  definitely 
specified  series  of  courses  for  a  specified  number  of  years 
(from  three  to  six  years,  according  to  the  faculty). 

The  courses,  degrees,  laboratories  and  libraries  at  these 
universities  are  all  open  to  women  on  the  same  conditions  as 
to  men.  Two  classes  of  students  are  admitted,  regular  stu- 
dents and  hearers  (uditort). 

Regular  students  must  have  obtained,  before  entering,  the 
certificate  of  a  secondary  school  (licenza  liccale  or  tecnicd)  or, 
if  foreigners,  must  satisfy  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science 
that  the  education  they  have  received  would  have  enabled 
them  to  obtain  this  licenza.  In  the  case  of  students  who  have 
studied  at  a  foreign  university  the  faculty  in  which  the  student 
desires  to  attend  courses  decides  on  the  admittance  of  the  stu- 
dent. Such  students  should  present  certificates  or  diplomas 
from  their  former  college  or  university,  and  also  their  certifi- 
cate of  birth. 

Hearers  have  to  fulfil  no  special  requirements  beyond  pre- 
senting a  certificate  of  birth.  They  are  not  admitted  to  de- 


ITAL}.  133 

grees,  but  if  they  take  the  examinations  they  may  in  some 
cases  receive  certificates  to  the  effect  that  they  have  studied  in 
the  university. 

Students  and  hearers  must  matriculate  and  pay  the  matricu- 
lation fees  for  the  ensuing  year  between  August  ist  and  Oc- 
tober 3Oth.  The  academic  year  is  not  divided  into  semesters  ; 
it  begins  on  October  i5th  and  ends  on  July  3Oth.  Lectures 
begin  in  the  first  week  of  November  and  end  on  June  i$th. 

Regular  students  pay  their  fees  (tassa  cT  imatricolazione, 
tassa  a"1  iscrizoni  and  tassa  dt  diploma)  to  the  state  treasury 
through  the  ufficio  demamale.  The  matriculation  fee  varies 
from  20  lire  ($3.90)  to  40  lire  ($7.80),  according  to  the  faculty  ; 
the  inscription  fees  cover  all  the  courses  which  have  to  be 
taken  for  a  degree  and  amount  to  from  50  lire  ($9.75)  to  165 
lire  ($32.18)  yearly.  Fees  for  examinations,  from  10  lire 
($1.95)  to  25  lire  ($4.88)  yearly,  and  laboratory  fees  are  paid 
to  the  economato  of  the  university.  Hearers  pay  a  matricula- 
tion fee  of  40  lire  ($7.80)  and  a  fee  of  8  lire  ($1.56)  for  each 
hour  per  week  of  lecture  in  the  courses  which  they  enter. 
They  pay  these  fees  to  the  same  officials  as  the  regular  stu- 
dents. 

Scholarships  are  open  to  women  as  to  men  and  take  the 
form,  in  general,  of  an  exemption  from  fees.  There  are  also 
fellowships  open  for  competition  to  students  that  have  obtained 
the  degree  of  Doctor. 

Information  concerning  the  general  university  regulations 
is  given  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  Regolamento  Universitario ; 
information  concerning  a  particular  university,  in  the  Annu- 
ario  Accademico  of  the  university  in  question,  which,  with 
the  Regolamento  Universitario  may  be  obtained  from  the  sec- 
retary of  the  university. 


134 


CAGLIARI. 


BOLOGNA,  Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI   STUDI    DI    BOLOGNA. 

This  university,  founded  in  the  I2th  century,  was  renowned  in 
the  past  for  the  number  of  celebrated  women  counted  among  its 
students  and  professors. 

The  regulations  are  similar  to  those  of  all  Italian  universities ; 
see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries    may  be    addressed    to  the    direttore   di  segretaria, 

SlGNOR   LUIGI    BONA. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :  Professors 
Albini,  Gandino,  Puntoni ;  Signers 
Levi,  Michelangeli,  Olivieri. 

ROMANCE  :     Professor  Carducci ;  Sig- 
nors    Ferrari,    Morpurgo,    Restori, 
Solertl. 
COMPARATIVE   PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Turrini. 

PHILOSOPHY  :      Professors    Acri,    Bar- 
bara, Valdarnini ;  Signors  Ambrosini, 

DeNardi,  Pilo. 
POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :     Professor  Mar- 

tello ;      Signors     Barbieri,     D'Apel, 

Gemma,  Rossi. 
HISTORY  :     Professors     Bertolini,    Fal- 

letti ;  Signors  Vittorio  Fiorini,  Rossi. 
ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professor  Brizio  ;  Sig- 

nor  Szedlo. 
ARCHITECTURE  :      Professors     Benetti, 

Canevazzi,    Stabilini,    Venturi,     Zan- 

noni ;   Signors  Ballarini,  Berti,  Bom- 

bicci,  Muggia. 
ENGINEERING:    Professors  Cavani,  Ca- 

vazzi,  Donati,  Masi ;  Signors  Gemelli, 

Gorrieri,  Maganzini,  Regnoli,  Silvani. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :    Pro- 
fessors Arzela,  Donati.  Enriquez,  Mat- 


teo  Fiorini,  Pincherle,  Saporetti ;  Sig- 
nors Razzaboni,  Vivanti. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Righi,  Ruffini ; 
Signer  Dessau. 

CHEMISTRY:  /V<?/m0rCiamician;  Sig- 
nors Angeli,  Magnanini,  Zanetti. 

MINERALOGY  :     Professor  Bombicci. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Capellini ;  Signor 
Simonelli. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Peroglio  ;  Sig- 
nor Sensini. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Ciaccio,  Emery, 
Mattirolo ;  Signor  Coggi. 

LAW. 

Professors  Brini,  Costa,  Gaudenzi, 
Giusti,  Manfredini,  Mantovani-Orsetti, 
Regnoli,  Rossi,  Salvioni,  Vanni,  Vi- 
vante ;  Signors  Ballarini,  Berardi,  Conti, 
Diena,  Lanza,  Malagola,  Ramponi, 
Trovanelli. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Albertoni,  Calderini,^Calori, 
Fusari,  Maiocchi,  Martinotti,  ~Murri, 
Novaro,  Novi,  Pellacani,  Poggi,  Roncati, 
Rovighi,  Tartuferi,  Tizzoni  ;  Signors  ~Bo\- 
mondo,  Bord6,  Bozzi,  Cattani,  Gurrieri, 
Monti,  Panzeri,  Pinto,  Pinzani,  Respighi, 
Righi,  Ruggi,  Sabbatani,  Salaghi,  Testi. 


CAGLIARI,   Sardinia,  Italy. 

REGIA   UNIVERSITA   DEGLI  'STUDI    DI    CAGLIARI. 
This  university,  founded  in  1596,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 


ITALY.  135 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  GIUSEPPE 

LOY-ISOLA. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  LAW. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :    Professor  Mas£-  Professors  Angioni-Contini,  Barcared- 

Dan.  da,  Borgna,  Careddu,  Lanza,  Loy-Isola, 

ARCHITECTURE  :  Signor  Fais.  Porcu-Giua,  Orru,  Soro  ;  Signers  Atzeri, 

SCIENCE.  Guzzoni,  Picinelli. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :   Pro- 
fessors Fais,  Usai,  Vivanet.  MEDICINE. 

PHYSICS  :   Professors  Guglielmo,  Odde.  Professors   Biondi,    Carbone,    Fasola, 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Fenoglio,    Gonella,    Guzzoni   degli  An- 

Lovisato.  carani,   Legge,   Marfori,   Mazza,   Sabba- 

BIOLOGY  :     Professor  Lovisato  ;    Signor  tani,  Sanfelice,  Tonnini. 
Mazza. 

CAMERIXO,   Italy. 
LIBERA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    CAMERINO. 

This  university,  founded  in  1727,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to   the   secretary,    SIGNOR  MARIO 
MANNUCCI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

LAW.  MEDICINE. 

Professors  Arn6,  Lorini,   Marsili,  Pa-  Professors  Berlese,   Casali,   Catterina, 

lumbo,    Ranelletti ;     Signors    D'Ajano,       Fabrini,  Gallerani,  Kazzander,  Mircoli, 
Claps,  Mircoli,  Ricci,  Vighi.  Pacinotti,  Sartori. 


CATANIA,  Sicily. 
UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    CATANIA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1444,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  PRO- 
FESSOR MARIS  MANDALARI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :      Professor  POLITICAL    ECONOMY  :    Professor   Giu- 

Sabbadini ;  Signors  Biuso,  Bruno.  seppe    Maiorana-Calatabiano  ;    Signor 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Rapisardi,  Sab-  Marietta. 

badini.  HISTORY  :  Professor  Casagrandi. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Marino  ;  Signor  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Signors  Bruno,  Orsi. 

Taverni.  ARCHITECTURE  :  Signor  Fichera. 


136 


FLORENCE. 


PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Taverni ;  Signor 
Catalano. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Chizzoni,  Lauricella,  Mollame, 
Pennacchietti,  Riccd,  Zurria ;  Signor 
Catania. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Grimaldi. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Signor  Grassi-Cristaldi. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 
Bucca. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Signor  Giardina. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Baccarini,  Mingaz- 
zini ;  Signors  Aloi,  Calandruccio. 

LAW. 

Professors  Abate-Longo,  Carnazza- 
Amari,  Carnazza-Puglisi,  Ciccaglione, 
Coviello,  Delogu,  De  Luca-Carnazza,  De 


Mauro,  La  Rosa,  Angelo  Maiorana,  Gui- 
seppe  Maioranna,  Vadala  Papale,  Zocco- 
Rosa  ;  Signors  Amabile,  Blandini,  Aprile 
di  Cimia,  Carnazza,  Carnevale,  Cavallaro, 
Cimbali,  Fiorentino,  La  Monaca,  Maj- 
orana,  Mangano,  Marino,  Marietta, 
Pantano,  Paterno-Castello,  Peratoner, 
Politi,  Rapisardi,  Wrzi. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Berretta,  Capparelli.  Cle- 
menti,  Cosentino,  Curci,  D'Abundo,  Di 
Mattei,  Feletti,  Francaviglia,  Petrone, 
Tomaselli,  Ughetti,  Valenti ;  Signors 
Addario,  Alonzo,  Ardini,  Condorelli, 
Coniglione,  De  Luca,  Galvagno,  Gri- 
maldi, Guzzardi,  Marchese,  Maugeri, 
Misuraca,  Pennine,  Ronsisvalle,  San- 
filippo. 


FERRARA,  Italy. 
LIBERA    UNIVERSITA    DI    FERRARA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1391,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  ENRICO 
BASSANI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

POLITICAL    ECONOMY  :  Professor  Sitta. 
ARCHITECTURE  :  Signor  Dupra. 
ART  :  Signor  Ravegnani. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Borgatti,  Vig- 

nocchi ;  Signor  Roccella. 
PHYSICS  :  Professor  Bongiovanni. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Costa,  Garelli. 
MINERALOGY  :  Signor  Costa. 


BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Cavazzani,   Massa- 

longo,  Sala  ;  Signor  Zuffi. 
LAW. 

Professors  Bennati,  Giura,  Martinelli, 
Pasqualini,  Carabelli,  Sitta,  Turbiglio, 
Weiss  De-Welden,  Zeni ;  Signor  Mar- 
chesini,  Ruffoni. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bongiovanni,  Cavazzani, 
Garelli,  Ludovisi,  Marfori,  Massalongo, 
Morpurgo,  Sala,  Trambusti,  Zuffi. 


FLORENCE,  Italy. 

REGIA    ISTITUTO   DI    STUDI    SUPERIORI    PRACTICI    E   DI 
PERFEZIONAMENTO. 

This  school,  founded  in  1321,  is  under  the  same  regulations  as 
all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 


ITAL  Y. 


137 


Enquiries    may   be    addressed    to    the    secretary,    SIGNOR    TITO 
FIASCHI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 
LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professors  Cas- 

telli,  Lasinio  ;  Signor  Scerbo. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :    Professors   Pavolini, 

Severini ;  Signor  Donati. 
CLASSICAL  :    Professors  Festa,    Paoli, 
Ramorino,  Vitelli ;  Signors  Nencini, 
Rasi. 
GERMANIC  :  Professor  Parodi;  Signors 

Fasola,  Weile. 

ROMANCE:  Professors  Mazzoni,  Rajna; 
Signors  Bacci,  Barbi,  Parodi,  Volpi. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Conti,  Tocco. 
HISTORY  :    Professors  Coen,  Puini,  Del 

Vecchio,  Villari ;  Signor  Franchetti. 
ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professors  Fesri,  Milani, 
Paoli;  Signors  Bertolotto,  Schiaparelli, 
Teloni. 

SCIENCE. 

ASTRONOMY  :  Professor  Abetti. 
PHYSICS  :  Professor  Roiti ;  Signors  Mar- 
angoni,  Salvioni. 


CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Schiff. 

MINERALOGY:  Professor  Grattarola;  Sig- 
no*-  D'Achiardi. 

GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY:  Professors 
De  Stefani,  Marinelli ;  Signor  Ristori. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Fano,  Giglioli, 
Mantegazza,  Mattirolo,  Targioni-Toz- 
zetti;  Signors  Baroni,  Batelli,  Bottazzi, 
Danielli,  Marchi,  Oddi,  Regalia. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bajardi,  Banti,  Bufalini, 
Chiarugi,  Colzi,  Filippi,  Grocco,  Lustig, 
Mya,  Paoli,  Pellizzari,  Pestalozza,  Roster, 
Tanzi ;  Signors  Acconci,  Agostini,  Ba- 
quis,  Barbacci,  Bargellini,  Bonardi,  Borri, 
Celoni,  Centanni,  Coronedi,  Ferruta, 
Flora,  Gabbi,  Galeotti,  Giarre,  Grazzi, 
Del  Greco,  Grilli,  Lumbroso,  Man- 
tegazza, Profeta,  Rossi,  Silvestri,  Silve- 
strini,  Simi,  Staderini,  Tedeschi,  Toti, 
Trambusti. 


GENOA,  Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    GENOVA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1812,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria, 
SIGNOR  GIOVANNI  OXILIA. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:    Signor    Dall'- 

Orto. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Cerrato,  Euse- 

bio,  Fumi  ;  Signor  Pais. 
GERMANIC  :  Signor  Dall'Orto. 
ROMANCE  :  Professors  Barrili,  De  Lol- 

lis  ;  Signors  Guarnerio,  Mango,  No- 

vara. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 
Bariola. 


PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Asturaro,  Ben- 

zoni,    Ferrari ;    Signors   Cecchi,   Chi- 

nazzi. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Asturaro, 

Drago,  Ponsiglioni. 
HISTORY:    Professor  Manfroni;    Signors 

Cecchi,  Oberziner,  Rosi. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Benzoni. 
ARCHEOLOGY  :  Signor  Eusebio. 
ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Resasco. 


138 


MESSINA. 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Garbieri,  Loria,  Monteverde, 
Piuma,  Pizzetti ;  Signors  Giudice, 
Morera,  Perroni. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Pietro  Maria  Gari- 
baldi, Morera. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Pellizzari. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Negri. 

GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  Profe-sor 
Issel ;  Signer  Squinabol. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Cattaneo,  Grossi, 
Parona,  Penzig. 

ENGINEERING:  Professors  Morera,  Piz- 
zetti ;  Signors  Garbieri,  Pellizzari, 
Rombo. 

LAW. 

Professors  Paolo  Emilio  Bensa,  Big- 
liati,  Castellari,  Cogliolo,  Del  Vecchio, 
De  Murtas-Zichina,  Drago,  Grasso, 


Manara,  Manenti,  Mecacci,  Roncali, 
Rossello,  Ruffini,  Severi,  Traverse, 
Wau train -Cavagnari ;  Signors  Enrico 
Bensa,  Berlingieri,  Antonio  Castellari, 
Cereseto,  Civoli,  Flora,  Grego,  Martinelli, 
Pipia,  Porrini,  Restano. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Acconci,  Brigidi,  Canalis, 
Caselli,  Pietro  Maria  Garibaldi,  Gio- 
vanni Garibaldi,  Griffini,  Lachi,  Livi- 
erato,  Maragliano,  Giulio  Masini,  Mori- 
sani,  Morselli,  Mosso,  Oddi,  Parona, 
Pellizzari,  Profeta,  Secondi,  Severi ;  Sig- 
nors Basso,  Bossi,  Cantu,  Capranica, 
Casini,  Cioja,  Devoto,  Ferrari,  Giuria, 
Jemma,  Levi,  Livierato,  Lucatello,  Ar- 
turo  Masini,  Andrea  Mazza,  Giuseppe 
Mazza,  Motta,  Perrando,  Poli,  Polimanti, 
Sacchi,  Staderini,  Verdese. 


MESSINA,  Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    MESSINA. 

This  university,  founded  in   1838,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  GIUSEPPE 

CARACCIOLO. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :  Professors 
Michelangeli,  Pascoli  ;  Signors  Con- 
soli,  Crivellari. 


PHYSICS  :  Professor  Salvioni. 
CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Errera  ;  Signor 
Giannetto. 


ROMANCE  :  Professors  Cian,    Restori  ;       MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

Signor  Cesareo.  La  Valle. 

COMPARATIVE     PHILOLOGY:     Professor      GEOGRAPHY:  Professor  Bertacchi. 


Michelangeli. 
PHILOSOPHY  :     Professors    Cesca,    Fisi- 

chella. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Supino  ; 

Signor  Fleres. 
HISTORY:  Professors  Romano,  Tropea  ; 

Signor  Porena. 

ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Tropea. 
ARCHITECTURE  :     Signors     Di     Bella, 

Queriau. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro~ 
fessors  De  Berardinis,  Marcolongo? 
Martinetti,  Vivanti  ;  Signors  Caor 
pardo,  Visalli. 


BIOLOGY  :     Professor     Ficalbi  ;     Signor 

Lessona. 

LAW. 

Professors  Ascoli,  Buscemi,  Cesareo, 
De  Cola-Proto,  Faranda,  Lilla,  Maori, 
Manenti,  Oliva,  Sraffa,  Ugo,  Venezian  ; 
Signors  Carnazza,  Fulci,  Puglia,  Sciacca, 
Segre. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Colella,  Crisafulli,  Ferraro, 
Gabbi,  Gaglio,  Giuseppe,  G.  Pugliatti, 
R.  Pugliatti,  Rosario  Salomoni,  Scimemi, 
Trombetta,  Weiss,  Ziino,  Zincone  ;  Sig- 
ners Cambria,  Cammareri,  Fusari,  Melle, 
Terni,  Testa,  Tornatola. 


1TAL  Y.  139 

MILAN,    Italy. 
REGIA    ACADEMIA    SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA    DI    MILANO. 

This  school,  founded  in  1859,  'ls  under  the  same  regulations  as 
all  the  universities  of  Italy:  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  EMILIO  DE 
MARCH  i. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL  :   Professor  de  PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors  Jandelli,    Lu- 

Inama,  Giussani.  ciano,  Zuccante  ;  Signer  Vignoli. 

GERMANIC  :     Professor     Friedmann ;  HISTORY  :  Professor  Rolando. 

Signora  Schiff.  PEDAGOGY:   Signor  Martinazzoli. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Dupuy,  Novati,  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Signers  Ambrosoli,  Ce- 
Scherillo ;      Signors     Emilio,      De  riani,  Attilio  De  Marchi,  Serafino. 

Marchi,  Ferrieri.  GEOGRAPHY  :    Professor   Savio ;    Signor 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor          Ricchieri. 
Ascoli. 

MODENA,    Italy. 
REGIA  UNIVERSITA   DEGLI   STUDI    DI    MODENA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1683,  is  under  the  same  regulations- 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  ACHILLE 
CAMPIOLE. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  LAW. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Valenti ;  Professors  Borri,    Brandoli,    Franchi, 

Signor  Franchi.  Melucci,  Morelli,  Olivi,  Petrone,  Sabba- 

ARCHITECTURE  :  Signor  Cavazzuti.  tini,    Serafini,    Strani,    Triani  ;    Signors 

SCIENCE.  Borciani,    Conigliani,     Ferrarini,    Mar- 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professor  Nicoletti,  Del  chetti>  Pacchioni. 

Re;  Signors  Nicoli,  Valeri.  MEDICINE. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Chistoni.  Professors    Albertotti,     Berti,     Borri,. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Magnanini ;  Sig-  Casarini,    Cesari,    Fabbri,    Fusari,    Gal- 

nor  Maissen.  vagni,     Maggiora,    Puglia,    Tamburini, 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :    Professor  Ruggi,  Vanni,  Vassale  ;  Signors  Belmon- 

Pantanelli.  do,    Bertacchini,    Casciani,  Govi,  Guic- 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Monticelli,   Mori ;  ciardi,    Levi,   Monari,   Nasi,  Petrazzani, 

Signors  Macchiati,  Roncaglia.  Ravaglia,  Riccardi,  Roncaglia,  Saltini. 

NAPLES,   Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA   DEGLI    STUDI    DI    NAPOLI. 

This  university,  founded  in  1224,  is  under  the  same  regulations- 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 


140 


NAPLES. 


For  the  zoological  station  at  Naples  see  p.  149. 
Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  ODOARDO 
SANTORO. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor  Buo- 
nazia. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :    Professor   Kerbaker. 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  Cocchia,  Flores, 
Kerbaker ;  Signers  De  Gennaro, 
D'Ovidio,  Pascal. 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  D'  Ovidio,  Zum- 
bini ;  Signors  Agresti,  Percopo,  Pru- 
denzano,  Zingarelli. 
PHILOSOPHY  :      Professors      Chiappelli, 

Masci;     Signors     Bosurgi,     Fimiani, 

Maturi,  Memola,  Tarantino. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:    Signors  Betocchi, 

Colaianni,  D'Ippolito,  Lioy,  Mazzola, 

Miraglia,  Nitti,  Tammeo. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  De  Blasiis,  Holm, 

Mariano ;  Signors  Biamonte,  Correra, 

Faraglia,  Schipa. 
ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professors    De    Petra, 

Sogliario ;  Signer  Patroni. 
ARCHITECTURE:  Professor Capocci;  Sig- 
nors Bellini,  Curri,  Fischetti,  Folinea, 

Giuliani,  Laneri,  Tango. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Fomelli ;    Signor 

Vecchia. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Capelli,  Cesaro,  Cua,  Del  Pezzo, 
Fergola,  Montesano,  Nobile,  Pinto, 
Raucci,  Salvatore-Dino,  Siacci ;  Sig- 
nors Amanzio,  Amodeo,  Angelitti, 
Avena,  Bellini,  Brambilla,  Campanile, 
Ise,  Masoni,  Nicodemi,  Rinonapoli. 

PHYSICS:  /V</m0r.yPalmieri,Villari;  Sig- 
nors Campanile,  Ciccone,  Del  Gaizo, 
Guiliani,  Mercalli,  Palazzo,  Semmola. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professor  Oglialoro-Todaro; 
Signors  Forte,  Januario,  Napolitano, 
Sardo,  Zinno. 

MINERALOGY:  Professor Scacchi;  Signor 
Franco. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Bassani ;  Signors 
De  Loreffzo,  Johnston- Lavis,  Matteuci. 

GEOGRAPHY  :   Professor  Porena. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professor  Costa,  Delia  Valle, 
Delpino,  Nicolucci,  Paladino,  Trin- 


chese ;  Signors  Balsamo,  Berlese, 
Colosi,  Comes,  Geremicca,  Lucarelli, 
Mazzarelli,  Monticelli,  Palma,  Pas- 
quale,  Raffaele. 

LAW. 

Professors  Arcoleo,  Bovio,  Fadda, 
Fiore,  Emmanuele  Gianturco,  Lomo- 
naco,  Marghieri,  Milone,  Miraglia,  Na- 
podano,  Pepere,  Persico,  Pessina,  Sca- 
duto,  Viti ;  Signors  Abignente,  Alimena, 
Amellino,  Arangio  Ruiz,  Betocchi, 
Biondi,  Campese,  Cannada-Bartoli,  Car- 
nevale,  Ciccaglione,  Ciccarelli,  Contuzzi, 
Coviello,  De  Cillis,  Di  Maio,  De  Marinis, 
Di  Martino,  De  Roberto,  Gagliardi, 
Gargiulo,  Girardi,  Grippo,  Guariglia, 
Guarracino,  Lanza,  Lombardi,  F.  Longo, 
M.  Longo,  Manenti,  Marino,  Masucci, 
Minutillo,  Napodano,  Perrone,  Petroni, 
Pisapia,  Rubino,  Salvia,  Scalamandre, 
Schiappoli,  Semmola,  Sorgente,  Squitti, 
Summonte,  Tuozzi,  Varcasia,  Vigliarolo. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Albini,  Antonelli,  Armanni, 
Bianchi,  Boccardi,  Cardarelli,  Chirone, 
Corrado,  Cozzolino,  D'Ambrosio,  D'An- 
tona,  De  Amicis,  De  Giaxa,  De  Martini, 
De  Renzi,  De  Vincentiis,  Frusci,  Gal- 
lozzi,  Malerba,  Massei,Morisani,  Rummo, 
Schron,  Semmola,  Vizioli ;  Signors 
Aiello,  Ajevoli,  Amoroso,  Antonelli, 
Arena,  Baculo,  Bernabei,  Biondi,  Bran- 
caccio,  Breglia,  Buonomo,  Cacciapuoti, 
Caccioppoli,  Cagnetta,  Calabrese,  Cam- 
pione,  Cantarano,  Capozzi,  Caruso,  Ciar- 
amelli,  Ciccone,  Cirlncione,  Colella, 
Conca,  Costabile,  Cotronei,  D'Amore, 
D'  Evant,  De  Bisogno,  De  Bonis,  De 
Dominicis,  De  Grazia,  De  Luca,  De 
Michele,  De  Paolis,  De  Sanctis, 
De  Simone,  Del  Gaizo,  Del  Vecchio, 
Di  Giacomo,  Di  Lorenzo,  Ducrey,  Fal- 
cone, Fasano,  Eugenic  Fazio,  Ferdi- 
nando  Fazio,  Fede,  Ferrajolo,  Ferran- 
nini,  Ferrara,  Folinea,  Fornario,  Franco, 
Gauthier,  Gianturco,  Gioffredi,  Greco, 


ITAL  Y. 


141 


Gregoraci,    Guarino,  Jacontini,  Jappelli,  cinino,    Piretti,    Polignani,  Radice,  Raf- 

Jennaco,  Laccetti,  Lauro,  Leocata,  Lo-  faele,   Reale,  Renzone,  Ria,   Romanelli, 

bello,  Lupo,  Magnarapa,  Manfredi,  Mar-  Romano,  Rubino,  Salvati,  Salvi,  Salvia, 

siglia,  Masucci,  Maturi,  Mazziotti,  Melle,  Scalese,  Scervini,  Scibelli,  Scotti,  Seniser 

Meola,    Miranda,    Moauro,   Montefusco,  Sgobbo,     Sgrosso,     Spatuzzi,     Spinelii, 

Morano,  Morelli,  Morra,    Ninni,    Novi,  Squillante,    Stanziale,    Tamburrini,    Te- 

Oro,   Pane,   Pianese,   Pansini,    Paolucci,  deschi,  Tortora,  Traversa,  Tria,  Vetere, 

Parascandolo,    Alessandro  Pascale,    Gio-  Virgilio,  Vitone,  Vizioli,  Volpe,   Zagari, 

vanni  Pasquale,  Patroni,   Pecoraro,  Pedi-  Zuccarelli. 
cini,    Pellecchia,    Penta,    Petteruti,    Pic- 


PADUA,  Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA  DEGLI    STUDI   DI    PADUA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1222,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  SIG- 
NOR   . 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 


LANGUAGES  — SEMITIC  :    Signor  Lolli. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Teza. 
CLASSICAL  :     Professors    Cortese,    E. 
Ferrai,     Gnesotto,     Setti ;     Signor 
Ercole. 
GERMANIC  :       Professor    Baragiola  ; 

Signor  Weigelsperg. 
ROMANCE  :  Professors  Crescini,  Flam- 

ini,  Galanti,  Medin. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Ardig6,  Bona- 
telli,  Ferrari,  Ragn'sco  ;  Signors  Dan- 
dolo,  Morando. 

HISTORY  :     Professors    L.    A.    Ferrai, 
Gloria,    De   Leva,    Pinton  ;    Signors 
Callegari,  Musatti,  Raulich. 
GEOGRAPHY  :     Professor  Pennesi ;   Sig- 
nor Biasiutti. 
ARCHITECTURE  :    Professor  Hesse. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors D'Arcais,  Bordiga,  Favaro, 
Gazzaniga,  Legnazzi,  Levi-Civita, 
Lorenzoni,  Padova,  Ricci,  Salvotti, 
Veronese  ;  Signor  Chiri. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Vicentini ;  Signor 
Lussana. 


CHEMISTRY  :   Professor  Nasini  ;  Signors 
Anderlini,    Carrara,    Spica-Marcataio. 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professors 
Omboni,  Panebianco. 

GEODESY  :  Signor  Miari-Fulcis. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Berlese,  Canes- 
trini,  Saccardo ;  Signors  Arrigoni, 
Crevatin,  Fiori,  Tedesch,  de  Toni. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Brugi,  Cavagnari,  Ferraris, 
Franceschini,  Landucci,  Levi-Catellani, 
Loria,  Polacco,  Sacerdoti,  Giov.  Tamas- 
sia,  Tuozzi  ;  Signors  Armanni,  Besta, 
Castori,  Conigliani,  Contento,  Fedozzi, 
Leoni,  Luzzatti,  Monte- Martini,  Norsa, 
Sitta,  Dalla  Volta. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bassini,  Belmondo,  Bo- 
nome,  Breda,  Castellino,  Cervesato, 
Chirone,  De  Giovanni,  Gradenigo,  In- 
verardi,  Marfori,  Salvioli,  Schwarz,  Sera- 
fini,  Stefani,  A.  Tamassia,  (Tricomi,  Vla- 
covich ;  Signors  Alessio,  Bolzoni, 
Bonuzzi,  Borgherini,  Bosma,  Catterina, 
Cavazzani,  Ceconi,  Cordaro,  Dalle  Ore, 
Ferrari,  Lussana,  Maggia,  Manca,  Mas- 
salongo,  Ovio,  Penzo,  Querenghi,  Righi, 
Stefani,  Tedeschi,  Zaniboni. 


142 


PARMA. 


PALERMO,  Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    PALERMO. 

This  university,  founded  in  1779,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  SIG- 
NOR  B.  BRUNO. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:    Signor   Lagu- 

mina. 
CLASSICAL  :    Professor   Giri ;    Signor 

Cosentino. 
ROMANCE  :  Signors   Amico,    Di  Gre- 

gorio,  Mango,  Pipitone. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors    Di   Giovanni, 

Faggi. 
HISTORY  :    Professors     Columba,    Sira- 

gusa. 

ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Salinas. 
ARCHITECTURE:    Professors  Almeyda, 
Basile,    Salemi-Pace ;    Signors    Gem- 
mellaro,  Romano. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Angelitti,  Gerbaldi,  Guccia, 
Maisano,  Torelli,  Venturi ;  Signors 
Albeggiani,  Paternd,  Soler,  Zona. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Caldarera,  Maca- 
luso,  Pagliani  ;  Signors  Cantoni, 
Gebbia. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Peratoner ;  Sig- 
nors Leone,  Minunni,  Oddo. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOCY  :  Professor 
Gemmellaro. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Richieri ;  Sig- 
ners Battista,  Siragusa,  Zona. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Borzl,  Kleinen- 
berg  ;  Signors  Lo  Jacono,  Ross,  Ter- 
racciano 

AGRICULTURE  :  Signor  Ziino. 


HYGIENE  :  Signor  Leone. 

ENGINEERING  :  Professors  Caldarera, 
Capit6,  Pagliani,  Pintacuda,  Venturi ; 
Signors  Albeggiani,  Cusumano,  Geb- 
bia, Rotigliano. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Agnetta  di  Gentile,  Cu- 
sumano, Guarneri,  Gugino,  Impallomeni, 
Orlando,  Maggiore-Perni,  Papa  D' Ami- 
co, Paternostro,  Ricca- Salerno,  Ricco- 
bono,  Salvioli,  Sampolo,  Schiattarella ; 
Signors  G.  D'Aguanno,  De  Cola  Proto, 
Di  Bernardo,  Leto-Silvestri,  Li  Donni, 
Longo,  Merenda,  Pagano,  Scherma,  Si- 
ciliano,  Alfonso  Siragusa,  Todaro. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Angelucci,  Argento,  Cer- 
vello,  Chiarleoni,  Giuffre,  Manfredi, 
Marcacci,  Marchesano,  Mondino,  Mon- 
talti,  Monti,  Randacio,  Rummo,  Sirena, 
Tansini,  Tommasoli ;  Signors  Acquisto, 
Ajello,  Alessi,  Brancaleone,  Carini, 
Caruso-Pecoraro,  A.  D'Aguanno,  De 
Bono,  De  Grazia,  Di  Blasi,  Dotto,  Faraci, 
Ferrannini,  Ficano,  Fodera,  Giglio, 
Giliberti,  Lazzaro,  Lipari,  Lo  Jacono, 
Mannino,  Mirto,  Misuraca,  Piazza-Mar- 
tini, Pernice,  Bernardo  Salemi-Pace, 
Sal omone- Marino,  Scardulla,  Spallitta, 
Rosolino  Tusa,  Salvatore  Tusa. 


PARMA,  Italy. 
REGIA   UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    PARMA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1422,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  SIG- 
NOR ANTONIO  PIGORINI. 


ITAL  Y. 


143 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS:  Professors  Lavaggi,  Ras- 

chi,  Vecchi. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Cardani. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Mazzara. 
GEOLOGY:  Professor  Uzielli. 
MINERALOGY  :  Signor  Simonelli. 
BIOLOGY  :     Professor    Avetta ;     Signors 

Binna,  Coggi,  Negrini. 
ARCHITECTURE:  Signors  Bartoli,  Marini. 

LAIV  AND  POLITICAL   SCIENCE. 

Professors  Arduini,  Bolaffio,  Bonfante, 


Brandileone,  Laghi,  Laviosa,  Malgarini, 
Perozzi,  De  Pirro,  Redenti,  Tommasini, 
Zanzucchi ;  Signors  Berenini,  Costa,  For- 
nasari,  Riccobono,  Tartufari. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Ceccherelli,  Corona,  Cugini, 
Ferrari,  Gallenga,  Inzani,  Mibelli,  Mo- 
lina, Rattone,  Riva,  Tenchini,  Truzzi, 
Ughi ;  Signors  Baistrocchi,  Bocchi,  Ca- 
prara,  Colucci,  Coulliaux,  Crosti,  Guiz- 
zetti,  Monguidi,  Pozzoli,  Sacchi,  Verdelli, 
Zoja. 


PA  VIA,  Italy. 

REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    PAVIA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1361,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  SIG- 
NOR CARLO  FELICE^RESTAGNO. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors 
Canna,  Rasi. 

GERMANIC  :  Signor  Schiff. 

ROMANCE  :    Professors  Gorra,    Rossi ; 

Signor  Restori. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Salvioni. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors  Cantoni,  Cre- 

daro  ;  Signors  De  Domenicis,  luvalta, 

Mantovani. 
POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  Professor  Benin! ; 

Signor  Gobbi. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Lazzarini,  Merkel ; 

Signer  Romano. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  De  Dominicis. 
ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professor  Mariani. 
ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Brusotti. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessor Aschieri,  Belcredi,  Pascal, 
Plainer,  Somigliana ;  Signors  Berzo- 
lari,  Formenti,  Pannelli,  Vivanti. 

PHYSICS:  Professors  Bartoli,  Cantone, 
Formenti;  Signors  Gerosa,  De  Marchi. 


CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Tullio  Brugna- 

telli ;  Signor  Purgotti. 
MINERALOGY  :     Signors    Artini,    Luigi 

Brugnatelli. 
GEOLOGY:  ProfessorTa.rax&z\Yi ;  Signors 

Mariani,  Salomon,  Tommasi. 
GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Bellio. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Briosi,  Maggi,  Pa- 

vesi. 

LAW. 

Professors  Buzzatti,  Cattaneo,  Civoli, 
Del  Giudice,  Ferrini,  Longo,  Mariani, 
Mazzola,  Minguzzi,  Simoncelli,  Vidari ; 
Signors  Eliseo,  Majno,  Nulli,  Vacchelli. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Baldi,  Bottini,  Falchi,  Filo- 
musi  Guelfi,  Golgi,  Maggi,  Mangiagalli, 
Mazzucchelli,  Mouti,  Oehl,  Orsi,  Pavesi, 
Raggi,  Sangalli,  Scarenzio,  Silva,  Sor- 
mani,  Zoia ;  Signors  Cantu,  Clivio, 
Ferrari,  Gorini,  Jemoli,  Levi,  Maggi, 
Mazza,  Pestalozza,  Platschik,  Rampoldi, 
Resinelli,  Staurenghi,  Stefanini,  Zam- 
bianchi. 


144  PISA. 

PERUGIA,    Italy. 
UNIVERSITA    LIBERA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    PERUGIA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1266,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  VITTORIQ 

MARINI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:    Professor  Benini.  MEDICINE. 

Professors  Adriani,  Axenfeld,  Batelli, 

L*w.  Bellucci,    Coggi,    De    Paoli,    Madruzzar 

Professors  Brunamonti,  Carusi,  Cuturi,  Patella,  Pisenti,  Rossi,  Ruata,  Salvioni, 
Innamorati,  Miceli,  Puviani,  Scalvanti,  Va'enti ;  Signers  Agostini,  Badaloni, 
Tarducci ;  Signors  Giannantoni,  Tancetti.  Cecchini,  Kruch,  Zanetti. 

PISA,    Italy. 

REGIA    UNIVERSITA   DEGLI    STUDI    DI    PISA. 
This  university,  founded  in   1343,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;   see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria, 
SIGNOR  GIACOMO  ENRICO  ROSSETTI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  Pacinotti ;    Signors    Fae,    Lauricella, 

LANGUAGES. — INDO-!RANIAN  :  Professor  Stefanini. 

Pulle.  CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Tassinari ;    Sig- 

CLASSICAL  :  Professor   Tartara,    Zam-  nors  Antony,  Garbasso. 

baldi ;  Signor  Nencini.  GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professors 

ROMANCE  :  Professors  Biadene,  D'An-  D'Achiardi,  Canavari,  Zaccagna. 

cona,  Flamini.  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Sottini ;  Signor 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY:    Professor  Zaccagna. 

Pull6.  BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Arcangeli,    Richi- 

HISTORY     OF     LITERATURE  :      Signor  ardi  ;  Signors  Bonardi,  Bottini. 

Barbi. 

PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors    Jaja,     Paoli,  LAIV' 

Rossi.  Professors    E.     Bianchi,      Buonamici, 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Crivellucci,  Pais ;  Calisse,  Codacci-Pisanelli,  Corsi,  Gabbar 

Signor  Lupi.  Mortara,    Napodano,  Pampaloni,  Sadun, 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Toniolo.  Supino,    Vacchelli ;     Signors    Anzilotti, 

ARCHAEOLOGY;    Professor     Ghirardini ;  Baisini,    Brunetti,     Giannini,    Lessona, 

Signor Lupi.  Magri,     Petrone,    Sighele,  Tiranti,  Zer- 

AGRICULTURE  :      Professor     Calderini ;  boglio. 

Signor  Ristori.  MEDICINE. 

SCIENCE.  Professors     Aducco,     Ceci,     Ducrey, 

MATHEMATICS:    Professors   Bertini,    L.  Fedeli,  Fubini,  Grazzi,  Guarnieri,  Maf- 

Bianchi,  Dini,  Finzi,  Nardi-Dei ;  Sig-  fucci,  Manfredi,  Pad,  Pinzani,  Queirolo, 

nors  Bettazzi,  Biagivi,  Ciani,  Enriquez,  Romiti,  Sadun,  Di  Vestea  ;  Signors  Bat- 

Lazzeri.  telli,    Bertelli,    Burci,  D'Abundo,  Fra- 

PHYSICS  :     Professors    Battelli,    Maggi,  scani,  Marchionneschi,  Minati,  Sonsino. 


ITALY. 


145 


ROME,    Italy. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    ROMA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1303,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  TELES- 
FORO  DARETTI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professors  Gui- 

di,  Schiaparelli. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professors  De  Guber- 

natis,  Valenziani. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Cugnoni,  Halb- 
herr,  Monaci,  Piccolomini,  De  Rug- 
giero ;  Signers  Albini,  Levi,  Vag- 
lieri. 

ENGLISH  :  Signor  Garlanda. 
ROMANCE  :  Processors  Ceci,  De  Guber- 
natis,  Monaci ;  Signors  Castagnola, 
Cesareo,  Martini,  Salvadori. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Ceci ;  Signor  Cima. 
HISTORY     OF     LITERATURE:     Signor 

Zannoni. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Barzellotti,  La- 
briola,  Turbiglio  ;  Signors  D' Alfonso, 
Gizzi,  Tarozzi. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Beloch,  Labanca, 
Monticolo,  Pigorini ;  Signors  Can- 
tarelli,  De  Sanctis,  Tomassetti,  Zan- 
noni. 

ART   AND     ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professors 
Lanciani,    Loewy,  Pigorini,  de    Rug- 
gero  ;  Signets  Vaglieri,  Venturi. 
ARCHITECTURE  :    Professors    Calderini, 
Gui,  Rosso  ;  Signor  Manfredi. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :  Professors  Beltrami, 
Biolchini,  Castelnuovo,  Ceradini,  Cer- 
ruti,  Cremona,  Nagy,  Pittarelli,  Reina, 
Tonelli ;  Signors  Bortolotti,  Fano,  Di 
Legge,  Sella. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Ascoli,  Beltrami, 
Blaserna,  Saviotti ;  Signor  Band. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Cannizzaro, 
Giorgis,  Paterno  di  Sessa ;  Signors 
Miolati,  Montemartini. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Struver. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professors  Meli,  Portis ; 
Signors  De  Angelis,  Viola. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Dalla  Vedova. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Carruccio,  Grassi, 
Magini,  Marro,  Pirotta,  Sergi ;  Sig- 
nors Brizi,  Buscalioni,  Carruccio, 
Colini,  Grossi,  Kruch,  Lanzi,  Magini, 
Marchesini,  Mingazzini,  Moschen,  Te- 
deschi,  Todaro,  Vinciguerra. 

ENGINEERING  :  Professors  Ceradini,  Fa- 
vero,  Giorgis,  Nazzani,  Savrotti. 

LAW  AND   POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Galluppi,  Galluzzi,  Filomusi 
Guelfi,  De  Marco,  Messedaglia,  Meucci, 
Nocito,  Pierantoni,  Schupfer,  Scialoja, 
Semeraro ;  Signors  Brunialti,  Caporali, 
Carusi,  Facelli,  Ferri,  Lessona,  Lorini, 
Manna,  Mari,  Martini,  Orano,  Petrone, 
Racioppi,  Salandra,  Schanzer,  Tangorra, 
Trincheri,  Valenti. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Baccelli,  Businelli,  Cam- 
pana,  Celli,  Colasanti,  Durante,  d'Urso, 
Luciani,  Marchiafava,  Mingazzini,  Oc- 
chjni,  Pasquali,  De  Rossi,  Rossoni, 
Sciamanna,  Todaro,  Toscani,  Tommasi- 
Crudeli,  Valenti,  Versari ;  Signors  Alba- 
nese,  Arcangeli,  Ascoli,  Bastianelli, 
Bignami,  Concetti,  Curatulo,  D'Anna, 
De  Sanctis,  De  Semo,  Dutto,  Faraci, 
Fermi,  Ferraresi,  Ferreri,  Fortunati,  La 
Torre,  Leoni,  Lomonaco,  Manara,  Ma- 
rocco,  Mazzoni,  Mingazzini,  Padula, 
Parisotti,  Pensuti,  Postempski,  Rho, 
Rossi,  Scalzi,  Scellingo,  Tarulli,  Tassi, 
Versari. 


146  ROME. 

AMERICAN    SCHOOL    OF    CLASSICAL   STUDIES  IN    ROME. 

This  school,  which  was  opened  in  1894,  has  the  same  general 
objects  as  the  American  School  of  Classical  studies  at  Athens ;  see 
p.  128. 

All  the  courses  and  privileges  of  the  school  are  open  to  women 
on  the  same  conditions  as  to  men.  Bachelors  of  Arts  of  American 
colleges  of  good  standing  and  persons  who  are  able  to  submit  satis- 
factory proof  that  their  studies  have  been  such  as  to  enable  them 
to  pursue  advanced  courses  of  work  at  the  school  may  become 
members.  Americans  residing  or  travelling  in  Italy  who  are  not 
members  of  the  school  may,  at  the  discretion  of  the  directors,  be 
admitted  to  its  privileges. 

Application  for  admission  should  be  addressed  to  Casino  dell' 
Aurora,  via  Lombardia,  Rome,  or  to  PROFESSOR  MINTON  WAR- 
REN, Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

The  academic  year  begins  on  October  i5th  and  ends  on  June  ist. 

No  charges  are  made  for  tuition. 

Two  fellowships  of  the  value  of  $600  and  one  of  the  value  of 
$500,  for  the  study  of  Christian  Archaeology,  are  usually  awarded 
in  each  year  on  the  result  of  an  examination  held  about  the  middle 
of  March.  They  are  open  to  all  Bachelors  of  Arts  of  universities 
and  colleges  in  the  United  States  and  to  other  American  students  of 
similar  attainments. 

All  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  PROFESSOR  MINTON  WAR- 
REN, Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Director  of  the  school  in  1898—99,  PROFESSOR  TRACY  PECK, 
Professor  of  Latin  Language  and  Literature,  Yale  University ; 
Director  of  the  School  from  1899  to  1904,  MR.  RICHARD  NORTON. 

KAISERLICHE    DEUTSCHES    ARCHAOLOGISCHES    INSTITUT. 
For  particulars  see  p.  129. 

ECOLE    FRANCAISE    DE    ROME. 

Similar  in  organisation  to  the  Ecole  Fran9aise  d'  Athenes ;  see  p. 
130.  Director,  M.  L'ABBE  DUCHESNE  ;  honorary  director,  M.  LE 
BLANT. 


ITA  L  Y.  147 

SASSARI,  Sardinia. 
REGIA    UNIVERSITA   DEGLI    STUDI    DI    SASSARI. 

This  university,  founded  in  1556,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  MICHELE 
Cossu. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :    Professor   Pinna-  MEDICINE. 

Ferra.  Professors   Binna,  Conti,  Fiori,   Maz- 

LAW.  zotto,  Nicotra,  Patrizi,    Pitzorno,    Rava, 

Professors  Besto,  Bibbiana,  Demurtas-       Roth,  Sclavo,  Simula,  Traversa,  Valente, 
Zichina,    Dettori,    De    Villa,    Manunta-       Vincenzi. 
Manca,    Mariotti,   Piras,  Soro   Delitala  ; 
Signers  Castiglia,  Manca  Leoni,  Mossa, 
Pitzolo. 

SIENA,  Italy. 
REGIA   UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    SIENA. 

This  university,  founded  in  the  i4th  century,  is  under  the  same 
regulations  as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  TEMISTOCLE 
MOZZANI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

LAW.  bei,  Bianchi,  Bocci,  Cantieri,  Falaschi, 

Professors  Ciacci,  Civoli,  Diena,  Gra-  Funaioli,  Guaita,  Gucci,  Mprisani,  Mor- 
ziani,  Leporini,  Lessona,  Moriani,  Pa-  purgo,  Ottolenghi,  Raimondi,  Sanquinco, 
tetta,  Rossi,  Virgilii,  Vitali,  Zanichelli ;  &pediacci,  Tassi ;  Signors  Bianchi,  Bor- 
Signors  Castellari,  Falaschi,  Giannantoni  £om,  Borgiotti,  Cattaneo,  Colombini, 
Ottolenghi,  Ranelletti,  Zdekauer.  Ficalbi,  Gaspamm,  Giacomim,  Lussano, 

Mibelh,    Morpurgo,    Nanotti,    Remedi, 

MEDICINE.  Ruffini,  Sanarelli,  Scarlini,  Tassi. 

Professors  Barbacci,  Barduzzi,   Berna- 

TURIN,  Italy. 
REGIA   UNIVERSITA    DEGLI    STUDI    DI    TORINO. 

This  university,  founded  in  1412,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy;  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  direttore  di  segretaria,  SIG- 
NOR EMILIO  Lucio. 


I48 


URBINO. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  SEMITIC  AND  INDO-!RAN- 
IAN  :  Professor  Pizzi  ;  Signor  Na- 
zari. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Fraccaroli, 
Stampini  ;  Signor  s  Garizio,  Val- 
maggi,  Zuretti. 

ROMANCE:  Professors   Graf,    Renier; 
Signor  s    Camus,      Cian,      Gabotto, 
Gorra. 
COMPARATIVE     PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Pezzi. 

PHILOSOPHY  :   Professors  Bobba,  D'Er- 
cole  ;   Signers  Billia,  Zuccante. 


De  Martiis  ;  Signors  Einaudi,  lannac- 

cone,  Mase-Dari. 
HISTORY  :    Professor  Cipolla  ;    Signers 

Garizio,  Manfroni,  Merkel. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Allievo. 
ARCHEOLOGY:  Professors  Ferrero,  Rossi; 

Signor  Schiaparelli. 
ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Ceppi. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Berzolari,  D'Ovidio,  Jadanza 
Peano,  Segre  ;  Signers  Bettazzi,  Guar- 
ducci,  Fieri,  Porro,  Zanotti-  Bianco. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Naccari,  Volterra  ; 
Signor  s  Campetti,  Garbasso,  Rizzo. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Fileti  ;  Signor 
Ponzio. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Spezia. 


GEOLOGY:    Professor   Parona ;    Signors 

Sacco,  Piolti. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Camerano,  Mosso  ; 

Signors  Belli,   Buscalioni,   Giglio-Tos, 

Rosa,  Voglino. 

LAW. 

Professors  Bertolini,  Brondi,  Brusa, 
Carle,  Castellari,  Chironi,  Ferroglio, 
Fusinato,  Germane,  Mattirolo,  Mosca, 
Nani,  Ronga ;  Signors  Amar,  Arno,  Bal- 
lerini-Velio,  Brezzo,  Cattaneo,  Dusi, 
Frassati,  Garelli,  Gariazzo,  Lombroso, 
Pasquali,  Righini,  Tedeschi. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bizzozero,  Bozzolo,  Bruno, 
Carle,  Foa,  Fusari,  Giacosa,  Giovannini, 
Gradenigo,  Lombroso,  Angelo  Mosso, 
Pagliani,  Perroncito,  Reymond,  Silva, 
Tibone  ;  Signors  Bajardi,  Belfanti,  Bene- 
dicenti,  Bergesio,  Bono,  Bordoni-Uffre- 
duzzi,  Caponotto,  Carbone,  Carbonelli, 
Carrara,  Cavallero,  Cesaris-Demel,  Ciar- 
toso,  Cognetti  De-Martiis,  Corradi, 
Dionisio,  Ferri,  Ferria,  Fileti,  Gosio, 
Grandis,  Martinotti,  Marro,  Mo,  Motta, 
Muscatello,  Monari,  Musso,  Naccari, 
Negro,  Oliva,  Ottolenghi,  Patrizi,  Pel- 
lizzi,  Peroni,  Pescarolo,  Peschel,  Rain- 
eri,  Resegotti,  Riva-Rocci,  Roncoroni, 
Sacerdotti,  Salvioli,  Sansoni,  Sclavo, 
Scofone,  Secondi,  Sperino,  Varaglia, 
Vicarelli,  Vinay. 


UBBINO,   Italy. 

LIBERA    UNIVERSITA    PROVINCIALE. 

This  university,  founded  in  1671,  is  under  the   same  regulations 
as  all  the  universities  of  Italy,  see  pp.  132,  133. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  SIGNOR  CAMILLO 
BARDOVAGNI. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Signor  Vecchiotti-       Vanni;    Signors  Valenti,  Vecchiotti-An- 
Antaldi.  taldi. 


Professors   Budassi,  Dusi,  Meriggioli, 
Mircoli,     Fiocchi-Nicolai,    Siotto-Pintor,       Professor  Bedeschi. 


MEDICINE. 


2TAL  Y.  149 

NAPLES,    Italy. 
STAZIONE   ZO'OLOGICA. 

This  morphological  and  physiological  laboratory,  founded  in 
1872  and  arranged  for  independent  research  in  zoology,  botany  and 
physiology,  is  open  to  women  on  the  same  conditions  as  to  men. 
Permission  to  use  a  table  in  the  laboratory  may  be  obtained,  accord- 
ing to  the  nationality  of  the  applicant,  from  the  Ministers  of  Edu- 
cation of  Germany,  Austria,  Hungary,  Russia,  Holland,  Belgium, 
Italy,  Switzerland ;  from  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, England;  or  in  the  United  States  from  the  authorities  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institute,  from  the  Association  for  Maintaining  an 
American  Women's  Table,  or  from  Columbia  University.  For  the 
student  who  thus  obtains  permission  the  laboratory  is  open  for  the 
whole  year  free  of  charge ;  private  persons  who  take  a  table  for 
their  own  use  pay  2,500  francs  ($500)  per  year  or  fraction  of  a  year. 

In  1898  an  association  was  formed  for  maintaining  an  American 
Women's  table  at  the  station.  Permission  to  use  this  table  is 
granted  by  the  executive  board  of  the  association  and  preference  is 
given  to  well  qualified  women  applicants,  but  if  no  suitable  women 
present  themselves  men  are  eligible  in  their  stead.  The  appoint- 
ments are  made  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  as  may  seem  expe- 
dient, and  the  scholars  may  be  given  financial  aid  if  necessary.  As 
many  as  three  scholars  may  be  elected  at  one  time.  The  applica- 
tion should  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Executive  Board, 
Miss  Ida  H.  Hyde,  i  Berkeley  Street,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  from 
whom  all  particulars  may  be  obtained.  The  remaining  members 
of  the  Executive  Board  are :  President  M.  Carey  Thomas,  chair- 
man, Bryn  Mawr  College,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. ;  Mrs.  Alice  Freeman 
Palmer,  treasurer,  1 1  Quincy  Street,  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  Miss 
Florence  Cushing,  8  Walnut  Street,  Boston,  Mass. ;  Miss  Laura 
D.  Gill,  26  Prospect  Street,  Northampton,  Mass. ;  Miss  Agnes 
Irwin,  Dean  of  Radcliffe  College,  Cambridge,  Mass.;  Mrs.  John 
H.  Westcott,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

Director,  PROFESSOR  ANTON  DOHRN  ;  Assistant  Director,  PRO- 
FESSOR KARL  SCHONLEIN. 


150  THE  NETHERLANDS. 


THE    NETHERLANDS. 

There  are  in  the  Netherlands,  in  addition  to  the  municipal 
university  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  three  state  universities 
— Leyden,  Utrecht  and  Groningen.  The  state  universities 
are  under  the  supervision  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  of 
the  Netherlands  and  the  affairs  of  each  are  regulated  by  a 
Curatorium  of  five  members ;  the  University  of  Amsterdam 
is  under  the  authority  of  the  Common  Council  (Gemeente- 
raad]  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam.  There  is  also  a  small  free 
university  in  Amsterdam  with  only  six  professors.  The 
universities  provide  instruction  in  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Med- 
icine and  Theology,  and  give  in  each  of  these  departments 
the  degree  of  Doctor. 

No  distinction  is  made  between  women  and  men,  women 
being  allowed  to  matriculate  and  to  take  degrees  on  exactly 
the  same  conditions  as  men. 

The  academic  year  usually  begins  in  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember and  extends  to  the  first  week  of  July  though  the  lec- 
tures close  about  the  middle  of  June ;  200  fl.  ($80)  a  year 
is  charged  by  the  universities  for  instruction,  and  whoever 
pays  this  sum  may  matriculate  as  a  regular  student.  Stu- 
dents who  do  not  desire  to  attend  more  than  two  courses  are 
exempt  from  the  regular  fee,  but  must  pay  30  fl.  ($12)  a 
year  for  each  course  they  attend. 

In  order  to  be  admitted  to  a  university  examination  the 
candidate  is  required  to  produce  a  certificate  stating  that  he 
has  passed  either  the  final  examination  of  a  gymnasium  or  an 
equivalent  examination  held  every  year  by  the  state.*  Any 


*  In  the  case  of  foreigners  certain  examinations  of  other  countries  are  considered  by  law  equiva 
lent  to  these  examinations  and  are  accepted  as  a  sufficient  substitute  by  the  universities,  as.  for  in- 
stance, the  final  examination  of  a  German  gymnasium. 


THE  NETHERLANDS.  151 

student  who  produces  such  a  certificate  has  a  right  to  take 
the  university  examinations  whether  he  has  attended  the  uni- 
versity or  not.  The  fee  to  be  paid  upon  taking  any  exami- 
nation, except  the  final  one  for  the  degree  of  doctor,  which 
is  free,  is  50  fl.  ($20). 

AMSTERDAM,  The  Netherlands. 
UNIVERSITEIT    TE    AMSTERDAM. 

This  university,  founded  in  1632,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  the  other  universities  of  the  Netherlands ;   see  pp.  150,  151. 
Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  PROFESSOR  HECTOR 

TREUB. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors   Bos,    De   Vries, 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :   Professor  Mat-  Weber  ;    Reader  Sluiter. 

thes.  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Kan. 

CLASSICAL:  Professors  Karsten,  Uhlen-  PHARMACY  :  Professor  Stoeder. 

r™™kA4T^T?eCk>    Tn.1       X      1  LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCINCE, 

GERMANIC :  Professors  Uhlenbeck,  te  „,.  ^  ^r        TT        ,     -^ 

Winkel;  Docent  Frantzen.  Professors   Conrat,    Van    Hamel,    De 

MALAYAN  :  Docent  Forker.  HartoS'  Houwinf>  Jltta>  M.W.  F.  Treub; 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Spruhf,  Docent  Docents  Llom>  Miseroy,  Cohen  Stuart. 

Jelgersma.  MEDICINE. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Rogge,  Valeton.  Professors  Bolk,  Da  Costa,  Guye,  T.  A. 

ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY:  Professors  Van  Korteweg,   Kuhn,  Pel,  Place,  Rotgans, 

den  Es,  Six.  Ruge}  Saltet>  Stokvis,  Straub,  H.  Treub, 

SCIENCE.  Van     Rees,    Winkler ;    Docents    Bruin, 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro-  ?B**r»;Pe  Leon»  van  Deventer,  Graan- 

fessors  D.  J.  Korteweg,  Van  Pesch.  ^?om'    **?**  va£  1Hoorn'  J6^™^ 

PHYSICS  :    Professors  Sissingh,  van   der  Me^es'  RlJnberk»  Salomonson,  Tilanus. 

Waals  ;  Reader  Zeeman.  THEOLOGY. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  de  Bruyn,  Gun-  Professors  Brandt,  de  Bussy,  Chante- 

nmg,  Roozeboom,  van  't  Hoff;    Do-  pie   de   la    Saussaye,     Cramer,    Volter ; 

cents  Boldingh,  Cohen,  Reicher.  Reader  Westhoff. 
MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

Molengraafif. 

GBONINGEV,  Holland. 

RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT   TE    GRONINGEN. 

This  university,  founded  in  1614,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  the  other  Dutch  universities;   see  pp.  150,  151. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  PROFESSOR  P.  G. 

WlLDEBOER. 


152 


LE  YDEN. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:    Professors  van 
den  Ham,  Wildeboer. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Polak,  Speijer. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Biilbring. 

GERMANIC  :    Professors   Symons,    van 
H  el  ten  ;  Docent  Boer. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  van  Hamel. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Symons. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Heymans. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Boissevain,  Busse- 

maker. 
ARCHAEOLOGY:    Professors    Boissevain, 

Polak. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors de  Boer,  Kapteijn,  Schoute. 


PHYSICS  :  Professor  Haga  ;  Reader  Wind. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Eijkman,  Holle- 

man. 
MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 

van  Calker. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Moll,  van  Ankum. 

LAW. 

Professors  Krabbe,  Land,  Nieuwen- 
huis,  Pet,  Reiger  ;  Docent  van  der  Tuuk. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Fokker,  Huizinga,  Koch, 
Kooyker,  Middendorp,  Mulder,  Nijhoff, 
Reddingius,  van  Wijhe ;  Docents  Ran- 
neft,  Schutter,  Wiersma ;  Reader  Kooij. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  van  Dijk,  Kruyf,  Meyboom, 
Reitsma,  van  Rhijn,  Valeton,  Wildeboer, 


LEYDEN,  Holland. 
RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 

This  university,  founded  in  1575,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  the  other  Dutch  universities;   see  pp.  150,  151. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  PROFESSOR  P.  J. 
COSTJN. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professors   De 
Goeje,  Oort,  Tiele. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bolland,  Hart- 
man,  van  Leeuwen  ;  Docent  Hesse- 
ling. 

MODERN  GREEK  :  Docent  Hesseling. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  ten  Brink, 
Cosijn,  Verdana. 

ROMANCE  :  Docent  de  Grave. 

JAPANESE  :  Reader  Serrurier. 

MALAYAN:  Professor  de  Groot;  Reader 
Klinkert. 

JAVANESE  :  Professor  Vreede. 

SUDANESE  :  Reader  Grashuis. 

TURKISH  :  Reader  van  Gelder. 

CHINESE  :  Professor  Schlegel. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Kern. 


PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Bolland. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Blok,  Muller. 

ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Holwerda. 

ETHNOGRAPHY  :  Professor  de  Groot ; 
Reader  Serrurier. 

HISTORY  OF  MOHAMMEDANISM  :  Reader 
Van  Gelder. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors H.  G.  van  de  S.  Bakhuyzen, 
Kluyver,  Van  Geer;  Docent  E.  F. 
van  de  S.  Bakhuyzen. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Lorentz,  Onnes ; 
Docents  Molenbroek,  Siertsema. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Franchimont, 
Van  Bemmelen,  Wijsman ;  Reader 
Schreinemakers;  Docent  Stortenbecker. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 
Martin. 


THE   NETHERLANDS. 


153 


BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Hoffmann,   Surin- 

gar. 
PHARMACY  :  Professor  Wijsman. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Andreae,  Asser,  Drucker, 
Greven,  Oppenheim,  Tichelaar,  Van  der 
Hoeven,  Van  der  Lith,  Van  der  Vlugt. 


MEDICINE. 

Professors  Einthoven,  Koster,  Mac- 
Gillavry,  Nolen,  Rosenstein,  Treub,  Van 
Heukelom,  Van  Iterson,  Veit,  Zaaijer ; 
Docents  Dekhuyzen,  Nijkamp. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Eerdmans,  Gooszen,  Gun- 
ning, van  Manen,  Offerhaus,  Pijper,  Tiele. 


UTRECHT,  Holland. 
RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 

This  university,  founded  in  1636,  is  under  the  same  regulations 
as  the  other  Dutch  universities ;   see  pp.  150,  151. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  PROFESSOR  H.  W. 

BETTINK. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC:  Pro/essorHouts- 

ma. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Van  der  Vliet, 

Van  Herwerden. 
GERMANIC  :  Professors  Gallee,  Kalff; 

Docents  Hettema,  Wirth. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professor 

Gallee. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professor   Freiherr    Van 

der  Wyck. 
HISTORY  :    Professor  Kramer ;    Docent 

Van  Gelder. 
ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Professor  Van 

Herwerden ;  Docent  Morell. 
ETHNOLOGY  :  Docent  Steinmetz. 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors V.  A.  Julius,  Kapteijn,  Nyland, 
de  Vries  ;  Docents  Mounier,  Snellen. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  W.  H.  Julius. 


CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Bettink,  Dibbits, 

Mulder ;  Docent  Couv6e. 
MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Wichmann. 
GEOLOGY  :  Docent  Lori6. 
BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Hubrecht,    Went ; 

Reader  Vosmaer. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  De  Bourouill,  De  Louter, 
Hamaker,  Molengraaff,  Naber,  Pols 
Simons  ;  Docents  Kooiman,  Rijke. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Narath,  Pekelharing,  Rosen- 
berg, Snellen,  Spronck,  Talma,  Zraarde- 
maker ;  Readers  Brondgeest,  Dentz,  Van 
der  Meulen  ;  Docents  Boekelman,  Gutte- 
ling,  Huysman,  Weltering. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Baljon,  Cannegieter,  Kleyn, 
Lamers,  Valeton,  Van  Leeuwen,  Van 
Veen. 


154  At  OR  WAY. 


NORWAY. 

CHRISTIANIA,    Norway. 
KONGELIGE    FREDERIKS    UNIVERSITET. 

There  is  only  one  university  in  Norway,  that  of  Christianiar 
founded  in  1811.  Women  have  been  admitted  since  1884  to  all 
the  courses,  degrees,  and,  where  there  is  no  special  regulation  to  the 
contrary,  to  the  scholarships  and  prizes. 

Instruction  is  given  and  degrees  are  conferred  in  Arts,  Science, 
Law,  Medicine  and  Theology.  The  highest  degree  conferred  is 
that  of  Doctor. 

Students  that  have  matriculated  at  a  foreign  university  are  ad- 
mitted on  presenting  a  certificate  of  having  passed  an  examination 
equal  in  difficulty  to  that  required  from  candidates  from  a  Norwe- 
gian gymnasium. 

Women  are  admitted  to  the  libraries  and  laboratories  on  the  same 
conditions  as  men. 

The  first  semester  begins  in  the  middle  of  January,  the  second 
in  the  beginning  of  September. 

All  lectures  are  free.  Foreigners  pay  a  matriculation  fee  of 
20  kr.  ($5.40)  and  there  are  laboratory  fees  of  12  to  32  kr.  ($3.24 
to  $8.64). 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  HISTORY  OF  LITERATURE  :  Decent  Col- 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professors  Blix,  lin- 

Seippel.  PHILOSOPHY  :    Professor  Hourly  Void. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :      Professors     Bugge,  HISTORY  :  Professors  Daae,  J.  E.  Sars, 

Torn.  Gustav  Storm. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Schjott,  Stener-  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Nielsen. 

sen>  ART    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professor* 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Job.  Storm.  Dietrichson,  Lieblein,  Rygh. 
SLAVONIC  :  Docent  Broch. 
GERMANIC:    Professors    Falk,     Friis, 

Moe.  MATHEMATICS  :      Professors    Bjerknes, 

ROMANCE  :     Professor    Job.     Storm ;  Guldberg,  Sylow  ;  Docent  Hoist. 

Docent  Loseth.  ASTRONOMY  AND  METEOROLOGY  :  Pro- 


NO  £  WAY. 


155 


fessors  Geelmuyden,  Mohn. 
PHYSICS  :  Professors  Birkeland,  Schiotz. 
CHEMISTRY  :       Professors      Hiortdahl, 

Waage. 
MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professors 

Brogger,  Helland,  Vogt. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors   Collett,    Nansen, 

G.  O.  Sars,  Wille. 

LAW. 

Professors  Aschehoug,   Hagerup,  Ing- 


stad,  Morgenstierne,  Platou,  Stang,  Tar- 
anger  ;  Docent  Gjelsvik. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Boeck,  Guldberg,  Hjort, 
Hoist,  Johannessen,  I/aache,  Leegaard, 
Nicolaysen,  Poulsson,  Schonberg,  Strom, 
Torup,  Uchermann  ;  Docent  Hoist. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Brandrud,  Brun,  Micheletr 
Odland,  Petersen. 


156  RUSSIA. 


RUSSIA. 

No  account  is  given  here  of  the  numerous  Russian  univer- 
sities. Full  particulars  of  the  courses  and  professors  may  be 
found  in  the  Minerva  Jahrbuch  der  Gelehrten  Welt. 

All  the  universities  in  Russia  are  now  closed  to  women ;  a 
few  grant  diplomas  to  women  in  Dentistry  and  Pharmacy. 

In  St.  Petersburg  there  are  classes  in  History,  Languages, 
Philosophy,  Mathematics  and  Physics  for  the  higher  educa- 
tion of  women,  distinct  from  the  university,  but  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction.  These  are 
attended  by  large  numbers  of  women.  Foreign  subjects  who 
have  attended  certain  courses  at  a  gymnasium  for  women  are 
admitted  as  special  students  with  the  permission  of  the  Cu- 
rator. 

SCOTLAND. 

See  pp.  118-126. 


SPAIN.  157 


SPAIN. 

The  universities  in  Spain  have  since  1857  been  under  the 
control  of  the  General  Director  of  Public  Education. 

The  country  is  divided,  for  the  purpose  of  university  in- 
struction, into  ten  departments  :  Madrid,  Barcelona,  Granada, 
Oviedo,  Salamanca,  Santiago,  Seville,  Valencia,  Valladolid 
and  Saragossa.  The  universities  consist  as  a  rule  of  the  five 
faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Pharmacy. 
They  have  always  been  open  to  women  on  the  same  condi- 
tions as  to  men,  but  women  have  availed  themselves  in  very 
few  cases  of  the  opportunity  of  studying  at  the  universities. 

The  courses  of  lectures  were  arranged  in  1857  and  have 
not  since  been  changed.  Students  have  no  liberty  of  choice 
as  to  the  lectures  they  attend.  The  degrees  of  Bachelor,  Li- 
centiate and  Doctor  are  conferred  by  each  of  the  faculties. 

The  academic  year  begins  in  October.  There  are  no  fees 
for  lectures.  The  matriculation  fee  is  16  milreis  ($17.20). 

On  account  of  the  small  number  of  foreigners  attending 
the  Spanish  universities,  the  lists  of  professors  are  not  given 
here.  They  may  be  found  in  the  Minerva  Jahrbuch  der 
Gelehrten  Welt.  ' 


158  SWEDEN. 


SWEDEN. 

There  are  in  Sweden  two  State  universities,  the  universi- 
ties of  Lund  and  Upsala,  each  comprising  faculties  of  Philos- 
ophy (Arts  and  Science),  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology ;  the 
high  schools  of.  Gothenburg  and  Stockholm,  the  first  of  which 
devotes  itself  to  Arts  only  and  the  second  to  Science,  and  the 
Medical  and  Surgical  Institute  of  Stockholm,  which  is  a  state 
institution. 

In  1870  a  royal  decree  was  issued  giving  to  women  the 
right  to  become  regular  students  and  to  take  degrees  in  the 
medical  faculties  of  the  State  universities  on  the  same  condi- 
tions as  men,  and  in  1873  this  right  was  extended  to  the 
faculties  of  Law  and  Philosophy.  The  high  schools  of 
Gothenburg  and  Stockholm  were  not  founded  until  after  1870, 
and  have  from  the  first  been  open  to  women. 

The  faculty  of  Theology  is  not  yet  open  to  women. 

In  order  to  be  admitted  as  a  student  to  one  of  the  univer- 
sities or  high  schools  the  candidate  must  have  passed  the 
final  examination  or  mogenhets  examen  of  an  elementary 
school.  Candidates  who  have  not  passed  this  examination 
may  in  some  cases  become  "  hearers "  in  the  university 
courses  by  special  permission  of  the  faculty  and  the  individ- 
ual professor,  but  are  not  permitted  to  take  degrees. 

The  academic  year  is  divided  into  the  autumn  semester,  be- 
ginning on  September  ist  and  ending  on  December  i5th ; 
and  the  spring  semester,  beginning  on  January  i5th  and  end- 
ing on  June  i5th. 

The  matriculation  or  registration  fee  varies  from  10  to  12 
crowns  ($2.70  to  $3.24)  and  a  fee  of  10  or  20  crowns  ($2.70 
or  $5.40)  is  paid  each  semester.  All  public  courses  are  open 


SWEDEN.  159 

free  of  charge  ;  these  are  sometimes  supplemented  by  private 
lectures  costing  from  20  to  40  crowns  ($5.40  to  $10.80)  a 
semester. 

There  are  numerous  scholarships  and  prizes,  which, 
though  no  special  statement  is  made  to  the  effect,  are  not  in 
general  open  to  women. 

The  Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet  at  Stockholm  is  an  asso- 
ciation whose  object  is  to  be  a  medium  for  collecting  infor- 
mation of  interest  to  educated  women.  The  secretary,  54 
Drottninggattan,  Stockholm,  has  kindly  offered  to  answer 
questions  in  regard  to  Swedish  universities  that  may  be  ad- 
dressed to  her  by  readers  of  the  Handbook. 

GOTHENBURG,  Sweden. 
GOTEBORGS    HOGSKOLA. 

This  school,  founded  in  1887,  consists  as  yet  of  the  faculty  of 
Arts  only,  but  has  power  to  confer  degrees. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Swedish 
universities;  see  pp.  158,  159. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  HERR  ERIC  BOKMAN. 

• 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS.  ROMANCE  :  Professor  Vising  ;  Docent 

LANGUAGES.— SEMITIC  :  Professor  Und-  Mortensen  ;  Reader  Avenard. 

berg.  PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Norstrom  ;  Do- 

CLASSICAL  :  Professor  Paulson ;  Docents  cent  Liljeqvist. 

Janzon,  Wahlin.  POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Stavenow; 

ENGLISH':  Reader  Westall.  Docent  Kjellen. 

GERMANIC  :    Professors  Cederschiold,  HISTORY  :  .Docent  Stavenow. 

Ho!thausen;  Docent  Baath.  ART  :  Professor  Warburg. 

LUND,  Sweden. 
KAROLINSKA    UNIVERSITETET. 

This  university,  founded  in  1666,   comprises  faculties  of  Arts 
Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology,  and  is  under  the  same  gen- 
eral regulations  as  all  Swedish  universities;   see  pp.  158,  159. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  rector,  PROFESSOR  QUENNER- 
STEDT. 


i6o 


STOCKHOLM. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — CLASSICAL  -.Professors  Al- 
exanderson,  Wide,  Zander ;  Docents 
Linde,  Lindskog. 
ENGLISH  :     Docents    Kock,    Rodhe ; 

Reader  Harvey. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors   Lidforss,    So- 

derwall ;  Docents  Beckman,  Hjelm- 

qvist,Kjederqvist,  Soderberg;  Reader 

Freund. 

ROMANCE:    Professor  Wulff;    Reader 

Philipot. 
ORIENTAL:  Professors  Flensburg,  Teg- 

ner ;  Docent  Zettersteen. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professors  Borelius,    Le- 
ander ;      Docents    Bostrom,     Herrlin, 
Larsson,  Stromberg. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professor  Fahlbeck ; 

Docent  Andersson. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Fahlbeck,  Freiherr 
v.  Schwerin,  Weibull ;    Docents  Stille, 
Wimarson. 
ART      AND      ARCHAEOLOGY  :      Docent 

Soderberg. 

^ESTHETICS  AND  HISTORY  OF  LITERA- 
TURE :  Docents  Mortensen,  Sylwan, 
Wrangel. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 


fessots   Bjorling,    Charlier,  Engstrom ; 

Docents   Broden,    Delin,    Moller,  Psi- 

lander,  Stromgren,  Wiman. 
PHYSICS  :  Professor  Backlund ;  Docents 

Granqvist,  Rydberg. 
CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Loven  ;  Docents 

Londahl,  Wallin. 
GEOLOGY  :    Professor    Torell ;    Docents 

Hennig,  Moberg,  Tornqvist. 
BIOLOGY:  Professors   Bergendal,    Berg- 

gren,  Quennerstedt,  Thomson,  Torell ;. 

Docents  Jonsson,  Lidforss,  Ljungstrom, 

Murbeck,  Ohlin,  Wallengren. 


Professors  J.  A.  Ask,  Bjorling,  Graf 
Hamilton,  Kallenberg,  Thyren,  Winroth; 
Docents  Antell,  Broome,  Hellner,  Li- 
vijn. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bendz,  Blix,  Furst,  Hilde- 
brand,  Lang,  Lindgren,  Lowegren,  Od- 
man,  Ribbing  ;  Docents  Forssman,  Gade- 
lius,  Hedin,  Petren,  Wadstein. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Ahnfelt,  Eklund,  Holm- 
strom,  Johansson,  Rosenius ;  Docents 
Hammar,  Lundborg,  Pfannenstill. 


STOCKHOLM,  Sweden. 
STOCKHOLMS    HOGSKOLA. 

This  school,  founded  in  1878,  consists  as  yet  of  a  Mathematical1 
and  Scientific  section  only,  but  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  shortly  be  en- 
larged by  the  addition  of  a  faculty  of  Law  and  Political  Science. 

The  general  regulations  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Swedish 
universities;  see  pp.  159,  159. 

The  matriculation  fee  is  25  crowns  ($6.75)  and  the  fee  for  lec- 
tures (which  is  remitted  in  the  semester  in  which  the  matriculation 
fee  is  paid)  is  the  same. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary. 
Professors  and  Lecturers. 

HISTORY  OF    LITERATURE  :    Professor 
SWEDISH  :  Professor  Ljungstedt.  Levertin. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Leffler. 


SWEDEN. 


161 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Bendixson,  Bohlin,  Gylden, 
Mittag-Leffler,  Phragmen  ;  Docents 
Kobb,  v.  Koch. 

PHYSICS  :    Professors  Arrhenius,    Bjerk- 


nes. 


CHEMISTRY  :  Professor  Pettersson. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  P.  ofessor 
De  Geer;  Docents  Backstrom,  Ham- 
berg. 

BIOLOGY:  Professors  Lagerheim,  Leche  ;: 
Docents  Anderson,  Carlgren,  af 
Klercker,  Klinckowstrom. 


UPSALiA,  Sweden. 


KONGL.  UNIVERS1TETET  I  UPSALA. 

This  university,  founded  in  1477,  comprises  faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology,  and  is  under  the  same  regu- 
lations as  all  the  Swedish  universities;  see  pp.  158,  159. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  secretary,  HERR  J.  VON  BAHR. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Alm- 

kvist. 

SLAVONIC  :  Professor  Lundell. 
CLASSICAL  :      Professors     Danielsson, 
Persson  ;  Docents  Knos,  Lagercrantz, 
Lundstrom,  Odelberg. 
ENGLISH  :  Reader  Harlock. 
GERMANIC  :  Professors  Erdmann,  Laf- 
fler,    Noreen;    Docents  v.    Friesen, 
Lange,  Tamm,  Wadstein,  Wiklund  ; 
Reader  Meyer. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor   P.    A.    Geijer ; 
Docents   Linder,    Rydberg,    Staaff, 
Wahlund  ;  Reader  Levy-Ullmann. 
SANSKRIT    AND    COMPARATIVE    PHIL- 
OLOGY: Professor  Johansson;    Docent 
Liden. 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professor  K.  R.   Geijer; 
Docents  Eager- Sjogren,  Burman,  Ed- 
feldt,  Hagerstrom,  von  Scheele. 
POLITICAL    SCIENCE  :    Professor    Alin  ; 

Docents  Nystrom,  Varenius. 
HISTORY  :  Professor  Boethius,   Hjarne  ; 
Docents  Ahlenius,  Clason,  Hallendorff, 
Hildebrand. 
ART  :  Professor  Schiick  ;  Docents  Kjell- 

berg,  Petrini. 

EGYPTOLOGY  :  Professor  Piehl. 
HISTORY     OF     LITERATURE  :     Docents. 
Levertin,  Meyer,  Staffen. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Duner,  Falk,    Hildebrandsson  ; 


Docents  Berger,  Ericsson,  Holmgren 
Malmborg,  Soderberg,  Westman. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Angstrom,  Lund- 
quist ;  Demonstrator  Granqvist ;  Do- 
cents  Josephson,  Petrini. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Cleve,  Widman  ; 
Docents  Bladin,  Langlet,  Palmaer. 

MINERALOGY  AND  GEOLOGY  :  Professor 
Hogbom;  Docents  Holmquist,  Munthe, 
Nordenskjold,  Wiman. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Fries,  Kjellman, 
Lundstrom,  Tullberg,  Wiren  ;  Docents 
Aurivillius,  Hedlund,  Jagerskiold, 
Johansson,  Juel,  Lonnberg,  Sernander. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Docent  Lonborg. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Blomberg,  Dahlberg,  David- 
son, Hagstromer,  Sjogren,  Trygger ; 
Docents  Almen,  Eschelsson,  Reuter- 
skiold. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Clason,  Elfstrand,  Gull- 
strand,  Hammar,  Hammarsten,  Hen- 
schen,  Lennander,  Lindfors,  Morner, 
Nerander,  Nordlund^  Petersson,  Sund- 
berg  ;  Demonstrators  Ohrwall,  Vestberg  ; 
Docents  Bolin,  Dahlgren,  Floderus, 
Schuldheis. 

THEOLOGY, 

Professors  Berggren.  Danell,  Ekman, 
Lundstrom,  Martin,  Quensel,  Rudin, 
Tottie ;  Docents  Eklund,  Kolmodni> 
Stave. 


162  BASLE. 


SWITZERLAND. 

There  are  in  Switzerland  seven  universities — Basle,  Berne, 
Fribourg,  Geneva,  Lausanne,  Neuchatel  and  Zurich.  These 
are  all  open  to  women.  At  Basle,  Berne  and  Zurich  the  lan- 
guage used  is  German,  and  the  only  degree  given  is  that  of 
Doctor,  as  in  German  universities.  In  Geneva,  Lausanne  and 
Neuchatel,  on  the  other  hand,  the  language  used  is  French 
and  the  degrees  are  similar  to  those  of  French  universities, 
the  baccalaureat^  licence  and  doctorat.  In  Fribourg  both 
languages  are  used,  but  the  university  organisation  is 
German. 

BASLE,  Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT   BASEL. 

The  university  of  Basle,  consisting  of  the  four  faculties  of  Phil- 
osophy (Arts  and  Science),  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology,  was 
founded  in  1460. 

Every  one  wishing  to  become  a  regular  student  must  present  a 
certificate  of  good  character  and  satisfactory  testimonials  in  regard 
to  his  previous  education  and  must  register  (matriculate)  both  with 
the  rector  of  the  university  and  with  the  dean  of  the  faculty  in  which 
he  is  to  study.  This  must  be  done  before  the  end  of  the  first  fort- 
night of  the  semester.  The  fees  for  matriculation  amount  to  14 
francs  ($2.80)  and  are  paid  to  the  pedell. 

Before  the  end  of  the  first  three  weeks  of  the  semester  the  student 
must  present  himself  to  the  quaestor  and  pay  the  fees  for  lectures, 
and  finally  must  obtain  the  signatures  of  the  different  lecturers  in  his 
course  book.  When  leaving  the  university  the  student  must  again 
present  himself  to  the  rector  and  obtain  the  Abgangszeugniss. 

Hearers  must  be  over  seventeen  years  of  age  and  are  permitted  to 
attend  lectures  on  paying  the  fees. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  is  conferred  in  all  the  faculties  except  that 
of  Theology,  which  grants  the  degree  of  Licentiate  only. 


SWITZERLAND. 


163 


Women  have  been  allowed  to  study  in  the  university  since  1890, 
tinder  certain  conditions.  In  order  to  be  admitted  as  a  regular  stu- 
dent a  woman  must  be  of  Swiss  nationality,  or,  if  a  foreigner,  must 
have  received  her  education  in  the  canton  of  Basle.  To  be  ad- 
mitted as  a  hearer  to  the  lectures  of  the  Philosophical  faculty  she 
must  hold  a  certificate  entitling  her  to  teach  in  the  primary  or 
secondary  schools  of  the  canton.  Women  who  satisfy  the  above 
requirements  have  all  the  privileges  of  men  students  as  regards 
the  holding  of  scholarships  and  the  use  of  libraries,  laboratories, 
museums,  etc. 

The  winter  semester  extends  from  October  i5th  to  the  end  of 
March;  the  summer  semester  from  April  i5th  to  the  end  of  July. 

The  lecture  fees  for  all  lectures  which  are  not  free  are,  in  the 
Theological  Faculty,  3  francs  ($0.60)  a  semester  for  each  hour 
weekly,  and  in  the  other  faculties  5  francs  ($1.00).  Laboratory 
fees  are  in  general  5  francs  ($1.00)  per  hour  weekly  for  the 
.semester. 

Further  information  and  the  Verzeichniss  der  Vorlesungen  can 
be  obtained  from  the  pedell,  HERR  VIKTOR  HOFER. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :    Professor  Mez. 

INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Misteli. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Bethe,  Groos,' 
Hagenbach,  Misteli,  Wackernagel ; 
Decent  Miinzer. 

ENGLISH  :  Professor  Soldan  ;  Docent 
Binz. 

GERMANIC  :  Professors  Koegel,  Meyer; 
Docent  Trog. 

ROMANCE  :  Professor  Soldan. 
COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :     Professor 

Socin. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Heman,  Heuss- 

ler,  Joel. 
POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Kozak  ; 

Docent  Geering. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Baumgartner,  Boos, 

Albert  Burckhardt,  Thommen  ;  Docents 

Haller,  Luginbiihl,  Mez,  Schneider. 
PEDAGOGY  :    Professor  Heman  ;    Docent 

Largiader. 


AND  ARCHEOLOGY  :   Professors  J. 
>J.  Bernoulli,  D.  Burckhardt,  Dragen-x 
ojtff-MeXer,  Wolfflin ;  Docj,  " 
hirckharc 


MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Kinkelin,  Riggenbach,  Von  der 
Miihll ;  Docents  Flatt,  Hurwitz. 

PHYSICS:  Professors  Hagenbach- Bischoff, 
Kahlbaum ;  Docent  Veillon. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Kahlbaum, 
Niezki,  Piccard;  Docents  Fichter, 
Kreis,  Nienhaus,  Osann. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Carl  Schmidt ; 
Docent  Kraatz. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Carl  Schmidt ;  Do- 
cent Tobler. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Rudolph  Burck- 
hardt, Zschokke ;  Docent  Griesbach. 

HYGIENE:  Professors  Albrecht  Eduard 
Burckhardt. 


1 64  BERNE. 

LAW.  Massini,    Mellinger,     Metzner,    Schiess, 

Professors     Karl     Chr.     Burckhardt,  Siebenmann,  August  Socin,  Wille ;  Do- 

Fleiner,    Heusler,    Speiser,  Teichmann,  c*nts.  Bun>  ^gger,  Peer,  Hosch,  Leopold 

Wieland  ;  Docents  Peter,  Stehlin.  Rutimeyer,  Schwendt,  Streckeisen,  Wolff. 

MEDICINE.  THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Bumm,   Bunge,   A.   Burck-  Professors  Bohringer,  Bolliger,  Borne- 

hardt,    E.    Burckhardt,    Corning,    Cour-  mann,  Duhm,  von  Orelli,  Overbeck,  W. 

voisier,    Dubler,    Conner,    Hagenbach-  Schmidt,   Stahelin ;    Docents   Bertholetr 

Burckhardt,     Hagler,     Hosch,     Immer-  Bruckner,  Goetz,    Handmann,  Megger, 

mann,    Jaquet,    Kauffman,    Kollmann,  Riggenbach,  Vischer,  Wernle. 


BEBNE,  Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT   BERN. 

The  University  {Hochschule}  of  Berne,  consisting  of  the  facul- 
ties of  Philosophy  (Arts  and  Science),  Law,  Medicine  and  The- 
ology (Catholic  and  Protestant),  was  founded  in  1834  and  opened 
to  women  in  1874.  In  1898—99  the  number  of  women  matricu- 
lated students  was  117  and  the  number  of  hearers  55.  A  women 
docent  lectures  on  Drama  in  the  i9th  Century. 

Every  one  wishing  to  enter  as  a  student  must  be  over  eighteen 
years  of  age,  must  present  a  certificate  of  good  character  to  the 
rector,  and  must  pay  the  matriculation  fee  of  15  francs  ($3.00). 
A  woman,  in  addition,  is  required  to  prove  that  she  is  independent, 
or  to  present  a  certificate  signed  by  her  guardian  giving  her  per- 
mission to  attend  the  university.  A  fee  of  5  francs  ($1.00)  paid 
to  the  rector  at  the  time  of  matriculation  gives  the  student  permis- 
sion to  use  the  library. 

Any  one  is  permitted  to  attend  the  lectures  as  a  hearer  on  buying 
from  the  pedell  an  Auskultanten  Karte>  costing  20  cents. 

Regular  students  and  hearers  must  register  with  the  professors 
and  lecturers  whose  course  they  wish  to  attend,  and  show  their 
matriculation  or  auskultanten  cards. 

They  are  also  obliged,  under  penalty  of  a  fine,  to  register  their 
addresses  with  the  pedell  within  the  first  fortnight  of  the  semester, 
and  to  inform  him  of  any  subsequent  change  of  address. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  is  conferred-  in  all  the  faculties  under 
slightly  varying  conditions.  The  candidate  for  the  degree  of  Doctor 


SWITZERLAND. 


165 


of  Philosophy  must,  as  in  the  German  universities,  present  a  satis- 
factory dissertation  and  pass  an  oral  examination  in  three  subjects. 

The  winter  semester  begins  on  October  i5th  and  the  summer 
semester  on  April  i5th,  lasting  till  August  i5th. 

Lists  of  lecturers  and  other  official  pamphlets  may  be  procured 
at  any  bookshop  and  enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  the  pedell. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Kurz. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :  Professor  Miiller- 

Hess. 
CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Haag,  Praech- 

ter ;  Docent  Jahn. 
ENGLISH  :     Professor     Muller- Hess ; 

Docent  Kiinzler. 
GERMANIC:    Professors  Hirzel,  Singer, 

Sutermeister,  Vetter,  Walzel. 
ROMANCE  :       Professors      Freymond, 
Michaud ;    Docents    Bessire,    Gau- 
chat,  Niggli,  Thormann. 
PHILOSOPHY  :    Professor  Stein  ;    Docent 

Tumarkin. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY  :  Professor  Oncken. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  von  Mulinen,  Tob- 

ler,  Woker ;  Docent  Geiser. 
ART  :  Professors  Auer,  Volmar. 
ARCHITECTURE  :  Professor  Auer. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Haag. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Graf,  Huber,  Ott ;  Docents 
Benteli,  Moser. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Forster  ;  Docents 
Gruner,  Moser. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Friedheim,  Kos- 
tanecki,  Rossel;  Docents  Mai,  Schaffer, 
Schmidt,  Tambor. 


MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Balzer ;  Docent 

Kissling. 
GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :   Professors 

Baltzer,  Bruckner  ;  Docent  Kissling. 
BIOLOGY:    Professors   Eduard    Fischer, 

Ludwig  Fischer,  Studer. 
HYGIENE  :  Professor  Girard. 

LAW 

Professors  Gretener,  Hilty,  Huber, 
Lauterburg,  Lotmar,  Marcusen,  Oncken, 
Reichel,  Reichesberg,  Rossel,  v.  Salis, 
Stooss,  Zeerleder ;  Docents  Kebedgy, 
Opet,  Schmidt,  Sieber. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  C.  Emmert,  Girard,  Heffter, 
Jadassohn,  Kocher,  Kronecker,  Lang- 
hans,  Muller,  Pfluger,  Sahli,  Stooss, 
Strasser,  Tavel,  Tschirch,  Valentin,  Zim- 
mermann;  Docents  Asher,  Bueler,  Collon, 
Conrad,  Deucher,  Dubois,  Dumont,  Du- 
toit,  Emmert,  Howald,  Lindt,  Liischer, 
Niehans,  Walthard. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Barth,  Blosch,  Herzog, 
Lauterburg,  Liidemann,  Marti,  Michaud, 
Muller,  Steck,  Thurlings,  Woker. 

MUSIC. 
Docent  Hess-Ruetschi. 


FRIBOURG,    Switzerland. 

UNIVERSITE    DE   FRIBOURG. 

The  University  of  Fribourg,  founded  in  1889,  consists  of  the 
three  faculties  of  Philosophy  (Arts  and  Science) ,  Law  and  Theol- 
ogy. Women  are  not  admitted  as  regular  students,  but  they  are 


166  FRIBOURG. 

allowed  to  attend  the  courses  as  hearers,  and  in  the  faculty  of  Phil- 
osophy they  may  take  the  same  examinations  and  obtain  the  same 
diplomas  as  men  students  on  the  same  conditions. 

The  French  and  German  languages  are  both  used,  but  the  uni- 
versity organisation  resembles  that  of  German  universities  in  all 
essential  points.  Foreigners  are  as  a  general  rule  admitted,  pro- 
vided they  possess  the  qualifications  which  would  admit  them  to 
universities  in  their  own  countries.  The  rector  decides  all  doubtful 
and  exceptional  cases. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  is  conferred  by  the  Philosophical  faculty 
on  candidates  who,  having  studied  for  three  years  at  a  university 
and  having  satisfactory  testimonials  as  to  character  and  education, 
present  a  dissertation  that  is  approved  by  the  faculty  and  pass  an 
oral  examination  in  three  subjects. 

The  winter  semester  begins  in  the  middle  of  October  and  the 
summer  semester  in  the  middle  of  April. 

The  fee  for  the  first  matriculation  is  30  francs  ($6.00)  and  for 
the  second  20  francs  ($4.00). 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS  PHYSICS  :  Professor  von  Kowalski. 

LANGUAGES.-SEMITIC  :  Professor  Grim-  CHEMISTRY  :      Professors     Baumhauer, 

me  Bistrzycki,  Thomas-Mamert. 

CLASSICAL:    Professors  Juthner,    Mi-  GEOLOGY:  Professor  de  Girard. 

cjjaut  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Brunhes. 

GERMANIC  :  Professor  Better.  Bl?^°GY  :  Pr°fessors  Arthus'  Kathariner> 

SLAVONIC  :  Professor  Kallenbach.  Westermaier. 

ROMANCE  :   Professors    Giraud,    Mar-  LAW. 

chot.  Professors  Bise,  Biichel,  Clerc,  Favre, 

PHILOSOPHY:  Professors  Bariijn,  Michel.  Fietta>  Gottofrey,  Hauptmann,  Jaccoud, 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Buchel,  Koschembahr-Lyskowski,Lampert,Lenz, 

Jaccoud,  Rutland.  Oser,  Pedrazzini,  Perrier,  Zycha. 
HISTORY  :    Professors  Buchi,  Schniirer, 

Reinhardt,  Steffens ;    Docent  Holder.  THEOLOGY. 

ART    AN<?    ARCHAEOLOGY  :     Professors  Professors  Beck,  Berthier,  Coconnier, 

Hess,  Steffens,  Zemp  Fei    Frankenstein,  Kirsch,  Mandonnet, 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Homer.  del  Prado.  Rose,  Speiser,Weiss,  Zapletal. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  :      Professors      Daniels, 

Lerch.  Professor  Wagner. 


SWITZERLAND.  167 

GENEVA,   Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITE  DE  GENEVE. 

The  University  of  Geneva,  founded  in  1559,  consists  of  the  five 
faculties  of  Arts  (Lettres),  Science,  Law,  Medicine  and  Theology. 
Women  are  admitted  on  the  same  conditions  as  men.  There  are 
now  about  170  women  students,  the  majority  attending  courses  in 
sociology,  medicine  and  natural  science.  The  French  language  is 
used  and  the  organisation  of  the  university  is  similar  to  that  of 
French  universities. 

Any  person  over  eighteen  years  of  age  is  admitted  as  a  hearer  to 
all  lectures,  but  not  to  the  hospitals  or  the  practical  courses  of  the 
Medical  faculty. 

Persons  who  have  obtained  the  certificat  de  maturite  in  one  of 
the  sections  of  the  gymnasium  of  Geneva  or  who  can  prove  by 
certificates  or  diplomas  that  they  have  received  an  education  equal 
in  standard  to  that  implied  by  the  certificat  de  maturite  are  al- 
lowed to  matriculate  as  regular  students.  The  faculty  in  which  the 
student  desires  to  study  decides  upon  the  equivalence  of  the  certifi- 
cates, and  the  entrance  requirements  vary  considerably  in  the  differ- 
ent faculties.  In  some  (the  department  of  Social  Science,  for 
instance),  a  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  is  not  considered  neces- 
sary ;  in  others  it  is  essential. 

The  university  confers  the  following  degrees :  Bachelier  es  let- 
tres,  es  sciences,  es  sciences  medicales,  en  theologie  ;  Licencie  es 
lettres,  es  sciences  sociales,  en  droit,  en  theologie,  Docteur  es  let- 
tres, en  sociologie,  en  philosophic,  es  sciences,  en  droit,  en  mede- 
cine,  en  theologie  ;  Diplome  de  chimiste,  Diplome  de  pharmacien. 

For  the  degrees  of  Bachelier  and  Licencie  the  candidate  must 
pass  an  oral  and  a  written  examination,  for  the  degree  of  Docteur, 
he  must  in  general  pass  an  oral  examination  and  sustain  a  thesis. 
The  requirements  as  to  time,  etc.,  vary  in  the  different  faculties. 
In  Arts  the  candidate  can  enter  for  the  degree  of  Bachelier  on  be- 
ginning his  work  in  the  university.  To  enter  for  the  degree  of 
Licencie  he  must  already  hold  the  baccalaureat  and  have  studied 
in  a  university  for  four  semesters  after  obtaining  it.  Equivalent 


1 68  GENEVA. 

degrees  are  in  general  accepted  in  place  of  the  baccalaureat  or 
licence  of  Geneva. 

Persons  desiring  to  matriculate  as  students  should  apply  to  M.  le 
secretaire-caissier  de  /'  Universite  and  present  their  certificates  and 
testimonials  to  him  for  the  consideration  of  the  faculty.  Students 
and  hearers  must  register  during  the  first  fortnight  of  the  semester 
for  each  course  they  desire  to  attend,  and  must  procure  a  course 
book  and  present  it  for  signature  each  semester  to  the  rector,  the 
dean  of  the  faculty  and  the  professors  whose  courses  they  attend. 

Women  are  admitted  to  all  the  libraries,  reading-rooms  and  lab- 
oratories. The  laboratories  are  of  two  kinds,  those  in  which  the 
students  work  every  day  more  or  less  independently,  and  those 
known  as  repetitoires,  in  which  the  work  is  merely  complementary 
to  the  courses,  and  which  are  attended  only  once  weekly  for  about 
three  hours. 

The  first  semester  begins  on  October  i5th.  The  lectures  begin 
on  October  22nd  and  end  on  March  22nd ;  the  second  semester  begins 
on  April  8th  and  ends  on  July  i5th.  A  summer  course  in  French 
language  and  literature,  consisting  of  about  eleven  lectures  a  week, 
is  given  from  the  middle  of  July  to  the  end  of  August  and  a  shorter 
course  is  given  in  the  first  three  weeks  of  October. 

The  fees  are :  for  matriculation,  20  francs  ($4.00)  ;  for  course 
book,  i  franc  ($0.20)  ;  for  each  hour  per  week  of  lecture  for  the 
semester,  5  francs  ($1.00)  ;  for  exmatriculation,  10  francs  ($2.00). 
There  are  fees  of  from  50  francs  to  200  francs  ($10  to  $40)  for  the 
different  diplomas. 

Further  information  may  be  found  in  the  Reglement  de  1'Uni- 
versite  de  Geneve,  and  in  the  Programme  des  Cours  de  1'Universite 
de  Geneve,  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  secretaire-caissier. 

Enquiries  may  be  addressed  to  M.  le  Secretaire-caissier  deV  Uni- 
versite. 

There  is  an  association  of  women  students — the  Societe  Inter- 
nationale des  fetudiantes  de  I'  Universite  de  Geneve. 


SWITZERLAND. 


169 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


LANGUAGES. — SEMITIC  :  Professor  Mon- 

tet. 

INDO-IRANIAN:  Professor  de  Saussure. 
CLASSICAL:      Professors   Paul    Oltra- 
mare,  Micole,  de  Saussure  ;  Docents 
Courvoisier,  Vulliety. 
ENGLISH  :  Docent  Roget. 
GERMANIC  :  Professor  Emile  Redard  ; 

Docent  Vogel. 

ROMANCE:    Professors   Bouvier,    Du- 

proix,  Muret,  Ritter  ;  Docents  Bally, 

Mercier,  Paris,  Schneegans,  Thudi- 

chum,  Vulliety,  Zbinden. 

COMPARATIVE    PHILOLOGY  :    Professors 

Muret,  Wertheimer. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professors  Flournoy, 
Gourd,  Adrien  Naville  ;  Docent  Bri- 
quet. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE:  Professors  Favon, 
Pantaleoni,  Wuarin  ;  Docents  de    Gi- 
rard,  Wiede,Winiarski. 
HISTORY  :    Professors   Borgeaud,    Fazy, 

Edouard  Naville ;  Docent  Dunant. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Duproix. 
ART  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY  :  Professors  de 
Crue,    Montet,    Nicole ;    Docent  Vul- 
liety. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Caillier,  Galopin,  R.  Gautier, 
G.  Oltramare  ;  Docents  Fehr,  Lyon. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Rilliet,  Soret ;  Do- 
cent Dutoit. 


CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Graebe,    Guye, 

Monnier,  Pictet ;  Docents  Bonna,  Cre- 

pieux,  Kehrmann,    Lauch,  Rust,  Ull- 

mann,  Welt. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Duparc. 
GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  :  Professors 

Duparc,  Sarasin  ;  Docent  Ritter. 
BIOLOGY  :    Professors     Bedot,    Chodat, 

Laskowski,    Monnier,    Thury,  Yung ; 

Docents   Briquet,    Fuhrmann,     Hoch- 

reutiner,  Rodrigue. 
HYGIENE  :  Professor  Vincent. 

LAW. 

Professors  Bridel,  Brocher,  Alfred  Gau- 
tier, Gentet,  Gosse,  Martin,  Moriaud, 
Rehfous,  Roguin  ;  Docents  Combothecra, 
Dunant,  Odier,  Sacopoulo. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bran,  Chodat,  d'Espine, 
Eternod,  '  Haltenhoff,  Julliard,  Martin, 
Mayor,  H.  Oltramare,  Prevost,  Auguste 
Reverdin,  J.  Reverdin,  Revilliod,  Vau- 
cher,  Vincent,  Zahn  ;  Docents  Aud£oud, 
Betrix,  Beuttner,  Bourcart,  Braun,  Bus- 
carlet,  Cordes,  Christiani,  Dupraz,  Froe- 
lich,  Keser,  Kummer,  Ladame,  Ed. 
Martin,  Megevand,  Patru,  Ruel,  Seig- 
neux,  Thomas,  Wyss. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Balavoine,  Chantre,  Doret, 
Frommel,  Martin,  Montet,  Nicole. 

MUSIC. 
Docent  Roehrich. 


LAUSANNE,    Switzerland. 

UNIVERSITE   DE   LAUSANNE. 

In  1890  the  Academy  of  Lausanne,  founded  in  1537,  was  formed 
into  a  university. 

Women  are  admitted  to  this  university  on  exactly  the  same  con- 
ditions as  men.  All  students  who  have  been  matriculated  students 
of  any  other  university  and  have  not  been  expelled  from  it  are 
eligible  for  admission. 

The  degrees  given  in  the  different  faculties  are  the  licence  and 
doctorat  and  only  matriculated  students  may  obtain  degrees.  In 


i  ;o 


LAUSANNE, 


the  engineering  school  the  diplome  cFingenieur  is  given.  The  time 
required  to  obtain  the  licence  is,  in  general,  four  years  in  theology, 
three  in  law  and  two  in  science  or  arts. 

The  student  is  free  to  arrange  his  courses  as  he  chooses  and  is  not 
obliged  to  complete  his  work  in  a  specified  time. 

Three  kinds  of  lectures  are  given: — the  cours  publics  which  are 
free  of  charge ;  the  cours  universitaires  for  which  the  fee  is  five 
francs  ($1.00)  a  semester  for  each  hour  weekly;  and  the  cours 
particuliers  which  are  specially  arranged  for. 

There  is  a  special  fee  for  laboratory  courses. 

The  matriculation  fee  is  20  francs  ($4.00). 

The  winter  semester  lasts  from  October  i5th  to  March  25th,  the 
summer  semester  from  April  8th  to  July  25th. 

Holiday  courses  in  French  and  German  language  and  literature 
are  held  from  July  lyth  to  August  26th. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  secretary,  M.  J, 

BONZEN. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGE s — ORIENTAL  :     Professors 

Goergens,  Spiro. 

CLASSICAL  :  Professors  Baudat,  Besan- 
con,  Valletta;    Docents  Chatelanat, 
Delhurbe. 
ENGLISH  :    Professor  Maurer  ;  Reader 

Neilson. 

GERMANIC  :    Professor  Maurer  ;    Do- 
cents  Stilgebauer,  Taverney. 
ROMANCE  :  Professors  Bonnard,  Muret, 
Renard  ;  Readers  Andr6,  Parander. 
PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Millioud. 
HISTORY  :  Professors  Maillefer,  Renard, 

Rossier. 
ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY  :  Docent  de  Mo- 

lin. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Guex. 
HYGIENE  :  Professor  Galli- Valeric. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Amstein,  Charles  Dufour,  Joly. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Dapples,  Henri  Du- 
four, Mayor,  Palaz ;  Docents  Amann, 
Gross. 

CHEMISTRY  :  Professors  Brelaz,  Brunner, 
Chuard;  Docents  Dutoit,  Kunz-Krause, 


Pelet,  Seiler. 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professors 
Golliez,  Lugeon,  Renevier. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  Blanc,  Jean  Du- 
four, Wilczek;  Docents  Bieler,  Jaccard. 

ENGINEERING  :  Professors  Chenaud, 
Gaudard,  Grenier,  Mayor,  Melley. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professor  Chuard  ;  Do- 
cent  Martinet. 

LAW  AND   POLITICAL    SCIENCE. 

Professors  Burckhardt,  Erman,  Favey, 
de  Felice,  Brocher  de  la  Flechere,  Gre- 
nier,   Larguier,   Pareto,   Roguin,   Spiro ; 
Docents  Herzen,  Jaquemot,  Soldan. 
MEDICINE. 

Professors  Bourget,  Bugnion,  de  Ce'ren- 
ville,  Combe,  Demi6ville,  Dind,  Dufour, 
Herzen,  Larguier,  Lowenthal,  Mahaim, 
Nicolas,  Rabow,  Rapin,  Roux,  Secretan, 
Stilling,  Valeric ;  Docents  Berdez,  Du- 
four, Eperon,  de  la  Harpe,  Muret,  Perret,, 
Rossier,  Verrey,  Vulliet. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Chapuis,  Combe,  Dandiran, 
Emery,  Fornerod,  Paschoud,  Vuilleu- 
mier ;  Docent  Rapin. 


SWITZERLAND.  171 

XEUCHATEL,    Switzerland. 
ACADEMIE   DE   NEUCHATEL. 

This  university,  founded  in  1866,  consists  of  the  four  faculties 
of  Arts,  Science,  Law  and  Theology.  Women  are  admitted  as 
students  and  hearers  on  the  same  conditions  as  men,  and  at  present 
about  twenty  are  attending  the  university  courses.  The  constitu- 
tion of  the  university  is  similar  to  that  of  the  University  of  Geneva, 
and  all  the  details  given  above  (pp.  167,  168)  apply,  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions, to  Neuchatel. 

Students  and  hearers  must  be  over  eighteen  years  of  age.  Hearers 
are  not  allowed  to  attend  more  than  ten  hours  of  lectures  weekly, 
and  they  are  not  granted  any  certificate.  Entrance  examinations 
are  held  by  all  the  faculties,  but  any  student  holding  a  certificate 
equivalent  to  the  certificate  of  a  Swiss  or  German  gymnasium  is 
admitted  as  a  regular  student  without  examination. 

The  first  semester  begins  on  October  I4th  and  ends  in  the  middle 
of  March.  The  second  semester  begins  on  April  4th  and  ends  in 
the  middle  of  July.  Students  must  register  on  the  first  day  of  the 
semester. 

From  July  loth  to  September  2nd  a  holiday  course  in  modern 
French  is  held  for  foreigners. 

The  fees  are:  for  matriculation,  10  francs  ($2.00);  for  each 
hour  per  week  of  lectures  for  the  winter  semester  2.50  francs 
($0.50),  and  for  the  summer  semester  2  francs  ($0.40)  ;  (hearers 
pay  double  this  sum)  ;  for  the  different  laboratories,  5  francs  to  30 
francs  ($1.00  to  $6.00)  for  the  semester. 

Prizes  of  100  francs  ($20)  are  open  for  competition  to  registered 
students. 

Further  information  may  be  found  in  the  Programme  des  Cours 
which  can  be  obtained  from  the  Recteur  de  /'  Academie  de  Neii- 
chatel. 

Professors  and  Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors  GERMANIC  :  Professor  Domeier. 

Dessoulavy,  Le  Coultre.  ROMANCE  :  Professors  Amici,  Dessou- 

ENGLISH  :     Professor     Nippel ;      M.  lavy,  Le  Coultre,  Piaget,  Warnery  ; 

Swallow.  MM.  Dubied,  Piaget,  Ragonod. 


i/2  ZURICH. 

COMPARATIVE     PHILOLOGY  :     Professor  MINERALOGY  :  Professor  de  Tribolet. 

Perrochet.  GEOLOGY  AND   GEOGRAPHY:   Professor 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Murisier.  Du  Pasquier,  Knapp,  Schardt. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professor  Junod.  BIOLOGY  :    Professors  Beraneck,  Chate- 

HISTORY:  Professor de  Chambrier  ;  MM.  lain,  Tripet. 

Diacon,  Farny.  HYGIENE  :  Professor  Chatelain. 

ART     AND    ARCHAEOLOGY  :      Professor 

Wavre;  M.  Dessoulavy.  L^' 

Professors  Beguelm,  Courvoisier,  Jean- 

SCIENCE.  henry,  Meckenstock,  Mentha. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Arndt,  Hirsch,  Isely,  Weber.  THEOLOGY. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Weber.  Professors  DuBois,  Dumont,  Ladame, 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Billeter ;    MM.  Morel,  Perrochet,  Quartier-la-Tente. 
Berthoud,  Rivier. 


ZURICH,  Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT. 

The  University  (Hochschule)  of  Zurich,  founded  in  1832,  was 
formally  opened  to  women  in  1872  on  precisely  the  same  conditions 
as  to  men,  and  women  are  even  permitted  to  hold  professorial 
chairs.  In  1898-99  there  were  169  women  students,  126  of  whom 
were  studying  medicine.  The  university  consists  of  the  four  facul- 
ties of  Philosophy  (Arts  and  Science),  Law  and  Political  Science, 
Medicine  and  Theology ;  the  language  used  is  German  and  the  gen- 
eral organisation  is  similar  to  that  of  a  German  university. 

Inhabitants  of  Zurich  desiring  to  enter  the  university  must  hold 
the  Maturitatszeugniss  of  a  school  in  the  canton ;  foreigners  must 
hold  certificates  equivalent  to  this,  or  pass  an  entrance  examination, 
and  must  prove  that  they  possess  an  adequate  knowledge  of  the 
German  language.  Students  must  register  in  the  week  before  the 
beginning  of  the  semester,  and  no  student  is  admitted  under  eighteen 
years  of  age.  These  regulations  apply  to  hearers  as  well  as  to  regu- 
lar students. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  is  conferred  by  each  of  the  faculties  under 
slightly  different  conditions ;  in  general  the  candidate  must  pass  an 
oral  examination  and  present  a  satisfactory  thesis. 

There  are  six  libraries  open  to  regular  students;  hearers  are 
allowed  to  use  these  libraries  when  introduced  by  a  professor. 

The  semesters  begin  in  the  middle  of  October  and  the  middle  of 
April,  and  end  in  March  and  August  respectively. 


SWITZERLAND. 


173 


The  fees  are:  for  matriculation  12  francs  ($2.40),  with  other 
fees  amounting  to  7  francs  ($1.40)  ;  for  lectures,  5  francs  ($1.00) 
a  semester  for  each  hour  weekly;  for  the  Doctor's  degree,  310  to 
420  francs  ($62  to  $84). 

For  further  information  see  the  Verzeichniss  der  Vorlesungen 
and  the  different  Promotions- Or dnungen.  Enquiries  may  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  pedell  of  the  university,  HERR  RUEGGER. 


Professors  and  .Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES.  —  CLASSICAL  :     Professors 
Bliimner,    Hitzig,    Ksegi ;     Docents 
Bloch,  Schulthess. 
INDO-IRANIAN  :   Professor  Ryssel. 
ENGLISH  :    Professor  Vetter  ;    Docent 

Schirmer. 

GERMANIC  :      Professors     Bachmann, 
Frey,  Stiefel ;    Docents  Betz,   Hoff- 
mann. 
ROMANCE:    Professors  Morf,  Ulrich ; 

Docents  Gauchat,  Morel. 
SANSCRIT  AND  COMPARATIVE  PHILOL- 
OGY :  Professor  Ksegi. 
PHILOSOPHY  :     Professors   Kym,    Meu- 
mann  ;  Docents  Eleutheropulos,  Krey- 
enbtthl,  Willy. 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Dandliker,  v.  Kno- 
nau,     Oechsli,     Schweizer ;     Docents 
Caro,  Hane,  Heierli. 
ART     AND    ARCHEOLOGY  :     Professors 
Bliimner,     Rahn ;      Docents      Bloch, 
Brun,  Stiickelberg. 
PEDAGOGY  :  Professor  Hunziker. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY  :  Pro- 
fessors Burkhardt,  Meyer,  Wolfer ; 
Docents  Gubler,  Kraft,  Weiler. 

PHYSICS  :  Professor  Kleiner ;  Docent 
von  Wyss. 

CHEMISTRY  :    Professor  Abeljanz,  Wer- 


ner ;  Docents  Bischler,  Feist,  Schall. 
GEOLOGY  AND  MINERALOGY  :  Professors 

Mayer-Eymar,  Grubenmann,  Heim. 
GEOGRAPHY  :   Professors   Stoll ;    Docent 

Frtih. 
BIOLOGY:      Professors      Dodel,      Lang, 

Schinz  ;  Docents  Hescheler,  Heuscher, 

Kiindig,   Martin,   Overton,  Standfuss. 

LAW  AND  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

Professors  Cohn,  Herkner,  Hitzig,  F. 
Meili,  Schneider,  Schollenberger,  Treich- 
ler,  Vogt,  Zurcher ;  Docents  Goldstein,. 
Wachter. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors  Billeter,  Bleuler,  Eich- 
horst,  Felix,  v.  Frey,  Gaule,  Goll, 
Haab,  Huguenin,  Kronlein,  von  Mon- 
akow,  Mtiller,  Ribbert,  Ruge,  Wyder, 
Oskar  Wyss,  Hans  von  Wyss  ;  Docents 
Bernheim,  Gustav  Brunner,  Biihler, 
Cloetta,  Fick,  Hitzig,  Hober,  Huber, 
Kaufmann,  Kreis,  Liining,  Hans  Meyer, 
Rohrer,  Schlatter,  Schulthess,  Seitz,  Sil- 
berschmidt,  Suchannek. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors  Christ,  Egli,  Furrer,  Kessel- 
ring,  Ryssel,  Schmiedel,  von  Schulthess- 
Rechberg  ;  Docents  Kappeler,  E.  Meili, 
Rtiegg. 


EIDGENOSSISCHE  POLYTECHNISCHE  SCHULE. 

This  school,  founded  in  1855,  though  under  different  adminis- 
tration from  the  Hochschule,  has  its  classes  in  the  same  building, 
and  students  of  one  school  are  at  liberty  to  attend  the  lectures  of 


174 


ZURICH. 


the  other.  The  polytechnic  school  gives  instruction  in  technical 
work  and  the  applied  sciences,  engineering,  pharmacy,  etc. 

The  requirements  for  entrance,  fees,  etc.,  are  similar  to  those  of 
the  Hochschule,  and  women  are  admitted  on  the  same  conditions 
as  men.  Application  for  admission  to  the  courses  should  be  sent 
in  about  three  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  the  semester.  Candi- 
dates for  admission  either  as  regular  students  or  hearers  must  satisfy 
the  authorities  that  they  have  had  the  necessary  preparation,  or 
must  pass  a  preliminary  examination  in  the  subjects  they  desire 
to  study. 

Enquiries  should  be  addressed  to  the  Direktion  des  Eidgenos- 
sischen  Polytechnikums  in  Zurich  arid  should  be  written  in  German, 
French  or  Italian. 

There  is  an  association  of  women  students,  the  Studentinnen 
Verein. 


Professors  and  Lecturers. 


ARTS. 

LANGUAGES. — ENGLISH  :  Professor  Vet- 

ter. 
GERMANIC  :    Professors  Baumgartner, 

Stiefel ;  Docent  Saitschick. 
ROMANCE:  Professors  Pizzo,  Seippel. 

PHILOSOPHY  :  Professor  Stadler. 

POLITICAL  SCIENCE  :  Professors  Charton, 
Platter,  Roelli ;  Docent 

HISTORY  :  Professors  Guilland,  Oechsli, 
Stern. 

HISTORY  OF  WAR  AND  TACTICS  :  Pro- 
fessors Affolter,  Becker,  Rothpletz, 
Schweizer  ;  Docent  E.  Fiedler. 

ART  :  Professors  Bluntschli,  Graf,  Rahn. 

LITERATURE  :  Docent  Saitschik. 

PEDAGOGY  :  Professors  Stadler,  Zurcki ; 
Docent  Hunziker. 

SCIENCE. 

MATHEMATICS  AND  ASTRONOMY:  Pro- 
fessors Decher,  W.  Fiedler,  Franel, 
Geiser,  Hirsch,  Hurwitz,  Lacombe, 
Minkowski,  Rudio,  Wolfer;  Docents 
Beyel,  E.  Fiedler,  J.  Keller,  Kraft, 
Rebstein,  Weilenmann,  Weiler. 

PHYSICS  :  Professors  Pernet,  H.  F. 
Weber ;  Docents  Guye,  Kawalki, 


Kopp,  v.  Wyss. 

CHEMISTRY:  Professors  Bamberger,  Bar- 
bieri,  Gnehm,  Hartwich,  Lorenz, 
Lunge,  Schulze,  Treadwell  ;  Docents 
Bosshard,  Constam,  Feist,  Grete, 
Winterstein. 

MINERALOGY  :  Professor  Grubenmann. 

GEOLOGY  :  Professor  Heim. 

BIOLOGY  :  Professors  C.  Keller,  Lang, 
Roth  ;  Z?0o7z/,y  Heuscher,Martin,  Stand- 
fuss. 

BOTANY  :  Professors  Cramer,  Schroter. 

GEOGRAPHY  :  Professor  Guilland  ;  Do- 
cent Friih. 

HYGIENE  :  Professor  Roth. 

ENGINEERING  AND  ARCHITECTURE  :  Pro- 
.fessors  Becker,  Decher,  Escher,  Flieg- 
ner,  Gerlich,  Herzog,  Lasius,  Lohle, 
E.  Meyer,  Prasil,  Recordon,  Ritter, 
Stodola,  Tetmajer,  Tobler,  A  Weber, 
Wyssling,  K.  Zschokke,  Zwicky  ;  Do- 
cents Denzler,  Gentilli,  Kraft,  Messer- 
schnitt,  Nachtweh. 

AGRICULTURE  :  Professors  Bourgeois, 
Biihler,  Engler,  Felber,  Kramer, 
Nowacki ;  Docents  Baechler,  Bosshard, 
Burri,  Crete,  Krauer,  Mertens, 
Stebler. 


THE  MEANING  OF  EDUCATION 

WITH  OTHER  ESSAYS  AND  ADDRESSES 

BY 

NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER 

Columbia  University 

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Vol.  III.  Commentary  on  Books  II. -V.    (Argolis,  Laconia,  Messenia,  Elis  I.) 

Vol.  IV.  Commentary  on  Books  VI. -VI 1 1.     (Elis  II.,  Achaia,  Arcadia.) 

Vol.     V.  Commentary  on  Books  IX.,  X.     (Bceotia,  Phocis.)     Addenda. 

Vol.  VI.  Indices.     Maps. 


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